The global transformation process functions and operates in multi-faceted dimensions and influences several complex systems that structure society (Held et al 1999), including many aspects of economics, politics, culture and the environment. Economic development is regularly distinguished as the most advanced aspect of globalisation, itself containing significant components that are recognised in shaping inter-connected global activity, such as finance, production and trade (Newman and Thornley 2000). Delineated here are the complex theoretical questions focused on the geographical foundations and scales of economic growth, with critical analysis based on the distinctiveness of the economy of Birmingham and the parallels linking aspects of planning development policy and neoliberal economic context. Further considered are global correlations which establish the constancy of multi-centric clusters of capital and the efficiency of economic activity across spatial boundaries. In addition, the extent and current relevance of traditional spatial scales such as, regional and metropolitan areas and the direct and indirect influences caused by trends associated with globalisation are discussed.
Defining globalisation
Rose (2005) defines globalisation as a process in which places and institutions have evolved into an integrated system that has global dimensions. From a geographical perspective, fundamental influences of globalisation incorporate the process of scale enlargement in the spatial basis of organisations and institutions and the growing level and intensity of inter-connection across regional and metropolitan boundaries. The former, includes the emergent role of trans-national corporations (TNCs) and the decision making in mu...
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... is concentrated in the developed world such as Europe, North America and parts of Pacific Asia, creation distinct economic clusters. In contrast, Scott (2001) argues that the economics of regional agglomeration is achieved through several outlying areas all contributing to the prosperous economic core, thus formulating a complex web of multi-centric clusters. According to Held et al (1999) the implication of globalisation is primarily the expansion of political and economic activities across frontiers such that decisions developed in a single region may in turn prove significant for individuals and communities in regions of the globe.
The effect of globalisation at a regional scale is a complex analytical paradigm due to the traditional spatial scale that we identify as regions, are being either modified, inter-connected or disseminated. Borja postulated that:
Harm de Blij and his “The Power of Place: Geography, Destiny, and Globalization’s Rough Landscape” truly describes how geography is displayed in the world today. In particular on of the major themes that he discusses is the idea of globalization. He actually calls these people the “globals.” In the very beginning of his book he describes two different types of peoples: Locals and Globals. The difference between these people is that Locals are the poorer people, not as mobile, and more susceptible to the concept of place. On the other hand the Globals are the fortunate population, and are a small group of people who have experienced globalization firsthand (5). This idea of globalization is a main theme that Blij refers to throughout the book, however he also indirectly references the five themes of cultural geography: culture regions, cultural diffusion, cultural interaction, cultural ecology, and cultural landscapes. Through Blij’s analysis these five themes are revealed in detail and help explain his overall idea of globalization in the world today.
Globalization, properly conceived, refers to what Scholte calls “supraterritoriality.”[1] Scholte proposes that in a globalized world, territory and borders no longer matter or, at the very least, matter far less than they did in previous, non-globalized, eras.
Oman, C. (1994). Globalisation and regionalisation: the challenge for developing countries. Paris: Development Centre studies.
Updated by Michael Porter, clusters are often varied forms according to local contexts and are far from being homogeneous: the reality of clusters identified or labelled as such in the world is complex and multifaceted. Methodological First, the success of the cluster concept in the absence of a clear definition makes it paradoxically increasingly blurred: everything becomes "cluster", when geographical concentration is observed activities of the same type or a network of highly innovative economic actors.
America is ever changing. Over the centuries it has transformed in many ways. There has been an increase in immigrants, especially Hispanics, which has caused a transformation of both language and culture. Richard Rodriguez in his book Brown: The Last Discovery of America, and in other essays has brought his views on these matters and presents brown as a new way of describing America. Brown as color; as impurity; as language; as America.
The capitalist world-economy comprises a core, a periphery, and a semiperiphery. Nation-states reach the core by successfully exploiting other geographic areas in the periphery. The semiperiphery forms a buffer zone, where geographic areas can move up into the core or down into the periphery. Geographic areas outside the world-economy are relegated to the external arena. They are eventually and inevitably incorporated into the system, however.
Globalisation can be construed in many ways. Many sociologists describe it as an era in which national sovereignty is disappearing as a result of a technological revolution, causing space and time to be virtually irrelevant. It is an economic revolution, which Roland Robertson refers to in his book ‘Globalisation’ 1992 pg 8, as “the compression of the world and the intensification of consciousness of the world as a whole”. It is argued that globalisation allows the world to become increasingly more united, with people more conscious of ethnic, societal, civilizational and individual aspects of their lives.
Globalization is a broad concept and the angle taken to define it can lead us to interpret the idea in many different ways. There is much controversy about what globalization actually means and many definitions fail to encompass social, cultural and technological exchanges between world systems. John Pilger suggests that "it is a jargon term which journalists and politicians have made fashionable which is often used in a positive sense to denote a 'Global village' of free trade, hi-tech marvels and all kinds of possibilities that transcend class, historical experience and ideology." (J.Pilger 1998:63). Taking a broader point of view, Bilton et al defines globalization as "The process whereby political, social, economic and cultural relations increasingly take on a global scale, and which has profound consequences for individuals, local experiences and everyday lives."
Globalization remains a pivotal topic in many schools of thought, and continues being a topic of controversy even in local economies today. Perhaps the reason for this is integration and competitiveness the world over. Conceivably, even more than integration, is the competitiveness of organizations, has possibly facilitating the fascination and misconception about of globalization. Nevertheless, globalization has brought about a number of effects influencing the design and geographical location of the organization. However, globalization has effectively placed the world in a bubble, or maybe one could equate the changes to being placed in an envelope.
An outstanding mechanism frequently used to interpret ‘Globalization’ is the ‘World Economy’. Back to the colonial age, the coinstantaneous behaviors of worldwide capitals and energy resources flowed from colonies to western countries has been regarded as the rudiment of the economic geography (Jürgen and Niles, 2005). Nowadays, the global economy was dominated by transnational corporations and banking institutions mostly located in developed countries. However, it is apparently that countries with higher level of comprehensive national strength are eager for a bigger market to dump surplus domestic produce and allocate energy resources in a global scale, thus leads to a world economic integration. This module was supported by several historical globalists (Paul Hirst, Grahame Thompson and Deepak Nayyer) ‘their position is that globalization is nothing new but more fashionable and exaggerate, a tremendous amount of internationalization of money and trade in earlier periods is hardly less than today.’ (Frans J Schuurman 2001:64).
Globalisation goes back as far as the era before the First World War. During that time globalisation’s general tendencies produced a very uneven pattern of global economic development, exposing the limits of global economic integration. For example, the integration of the African economy into the capitalist economy is part of the globalising tendencies of capitalism.
As a conclusion international business best described as a Globalization. A globalizing business sector advertises viability through rivalry and the division of the work it permits individuals and economies to keep tabs on what they specialize in. It also allows people to go globally. Globalization has stretched the assets, items, administrations and markets accessible to individuals. The increasing set of reliant connections around individuals from distinctive parts of a world that happens to be separated into countries
Globalization is defined as “the historical process involving a fundamental shift or transformation in the spatial scale of human social organization that links distant communities and expands the reach of power relations across regions and continents (Baylis, 2014).”
The interrelation and the integration of people, companies, governments and nations can be described as globalization. Globalization was produced due to international trade and investments with the help of technology. In today’s world, globalization is very essential. Advancements and technology help the process needed for globalization. Many countries and organizations similarly are affected by this phenomenon, on the other hand, smaller countries have benefited from larger contributors to the world’s market.
Globalisation is a very complex term with various definitions, in business terms, “globalization describes the increasingly global nature of markets, the tendency for transnational businesses to configure their business activities on a worldwide basis, and to co-ordinate and integrate their strategies and operations across national boundaries” (Stonehouse, Campbell, Hamill and Purdie, 2004, p. 5).