Question #101: Genetic coding, expression, transcription and translation
Genes are past down from generation to generation and provide genetic coding for each individual and organism. They contain instructions for building proteins (Freeman). DNA and RNA are involved in the genetic up keep of the hereditary information. The hereditary information is then expressed by involving two kinds of products, which include transcription and translation of the genetic coding of DNA or RNA.
DNA and RNA are the genetic information that organisms with hold. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains four nucleotides, 5-carbon sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases carrying genetic information of the cell. The strands of DNA, one end having unlinked 5’ carbon and the other end having 3’ carbon, have direction and polarity (Freeman). DNA contains the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and thymine. On the other hand RNA (ribonucleic acid) contains nucleotides having sugar ribose and is usually single stranded. RNA contains the bases guanine, cytosine, adenine, and uracil. Some of the components of RNA that allows it to function are have the components of ribosomes (rRNA), transporting amino acids (tRNA), and translating the message of the DNA code (mRNA) (Freeman).
The first step in converting or copying genetic information is by the process called transcription. Transcription occurs in the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell and begins when the sigma is binded to the promoter of the start of the gene (Freeman). Next, the RNA polymerase unwinds part of the DNA and interprets the mRNA (which holds the encoded information) adding ribonucleotides complementary to the DNA strand (Freeman). Finally, transcription ends with a terminational signal ...
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...e repressor system is essentially the operator of the protein encodings. It is encoded by “lacI that is binded to DNA and prevents transcription of lacZ, lacy, and lacA” (Freeman). The inducer system interacts with the repressor system and changes the overall shape of the repressor.
Genetic coding is unique, different, and expressed for every organism. The two main kinds of products that come from gene expression as a result are transcription and translation. Transcription is the process of making a copy of the DNA strand of the organism. Translation transfers the information to the different sites with the help of mRNA. The genetic coding is expressed and controlled throughout the prokaryotic cell and determines each organism.
Works Cited
Freeman, Scott. Biological Science. 3rd ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2008. 43-57,68-71,82-92. Print.
Since DNA has the instructions for making the proteins, but it has to be highly protected, it doesn’t leave the nucleus where it is mostly found (Hall, 6). DNA’s function is to be a long-term storage and transmission of the genetic information (DNA vs RNA, 2014). Copies of certain instructions needed for proteins can be made in the form of RNA. It’s not an exact copy of what is found in DNA, but RNA can travel out of the nucleus with the instructions. RNA make...
Gene expression is the ability of a gene to produce a biologically active protein. This process is regulated by the cells of an organism, it is very important to the survival of organisms at all levels. This is much more complex in eukaryotes than in prokaryotes. A major difference is the presence in eukaryotes of a nuclear membrane, which prevents the simultaneous transcription and translation that occurs in prokaryotes. Initiation of protein transcription is started by RNA polymerase. The activity of RNA polymerase is regulated by interaction with regulatory proteins; these proteins can act both positively, as activators, and negatively as repressors. An example of gene regulation in cells is the activity of the trp operon. The trp operon encodes the genes for the synthesis of tryptophan. This type of gene, like the lac operon, is regulated by a repressor that binds to the operator sequences. The activity of the trp repressor is enhanced when it binds tryptophan; in this capacity, tryptophan is known as a corepressor. Since the activity of the trp repressor is enhanced in the presence of tryptophan, the rate of expression of the trp operon is graded in response to the level of tryptophan in the cell. Another example of gene regulation in cells is gene amplification. This is a Technique by which selected DNA from a single cell can be duplicated indefinitely until there is a sufficient amount to analyse by conventional genetic techniques.
Protein synthesis consists of two main steps: transcription and translation. The DNA is found inside of the nucleus and there in the nucleus a copy of one side of the DNA strand is made, this is the messenger RNA or mRNA. After this the mRNA travels through the cytoplasm with the DNA copy and arrives at the ribosomes. The mRNA then goes through the ribosome three bases at a time. A transfer RNA molecule or tRNA then bring the correct amino acid to match the codon. The amino acids then link together to form a long chain of proteins, making amino acids the building blocks of
1. DNA is a nucleic acid that carries the genetic information in the cell and is capable of self-replication and synthesis of RNA. DNA consists of two long chains of nucleotides twisted into a double helix and joined by hydrogen bonds between the complementary bases adenine and thymine or cytosine and guanine. The sequence of nucleotides determines individual hereditary characteristics.
Before Americans can make accusations that marijuana can only be used for the sole purpose of euphoric pleasure, they should first become knowledgeable of cannabis’s original and highly valuable uses that gave the plant its primary popularity. The herbal plant was actually a food source around 6000 BC, and it was used as a fiber two thousand years later. Another couple thousand years later was when cannabis obtained its first medical record in China and soon traveled to India and North Africa where cannabis began its use as a “recreational hallucinogen.” When Europe greeted marijuana at about 500 BC, users began classifying in what methods the plant can treat various medical conditions. The Americas were first introduced t...
It was the Spanish who brought marijuana to America in 1545. Soon enough, it became a major commercial crop like tobacco in 1611. By 1890, marijuana was used in some medicines, and it began to catch on in the 1920’s, the same era of prohibition of alcohol. Hemp began to be one of the largest agricultural crops in the word. This was due to its incredibly robust and durable qualities. It was used for fabric, lighting oil, paper, fiber, dynamite, cellophane, and many more. Most textiles were actually made out of hemp at this time (The Union: The Business Behind Getting High).
Marijuana was a large part of culture throughout the entire world, it has been around for thousands of years and still continues to grow. Hemp was a large help with early American settlers, the hollow stalk was used to make clothing, rope and paper. Hemp was used well before this though, the Chinese used it to make fishing nets and bow strings for their archers. George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who are considered to be forefathers for America, both grew hemp. Benjamin Franklin owned a mill that made hemp paper. Early drafts of the Declaration of Independence were written on paper that was made of hemp. During World War II, the US supply of hemp was cut off by the Japanese, and the US Army and the Department of Agriculture promoted the “Hemp for Victory” campaign, which encouraged farmers to grow hemp for the cause of the war. Hemp was also used in making sails and ropes for ships. In 1937, the Marijuana
Marijuana is one of the oldest cultivated plants. (Nahas,1986) The first people to introduce the potential healing properties of marijuana were the Chinese. About five thousand years ago, the people of the plains of Central Asia began cultivating the plant for its oil and fiber. The United States was introduced to marijuana in the 16th century. It was brought over by the Spanish and British and used for its fiber. The plant’s intoxicating properties were only discovered in the late 19th century. It was used for the production of rope and cloth until the 20th century and now it is widely a drug used preferably for pleasure.
The history of marijuana in the United States dates to early colonial times. ``In 1619, America's first marijuana law was enacted at Jamestown Colony, Va., `ordering' all farmers to `make tryal of' (grow) Indian hemp seed.” (Tribune) A by-product of the cannabis plant is hemp. Today, hemp can be used to make fabrics, construction, paper, medicines, oils, body care products, and molded plastics. In colonial times hemp was used to make various textile products and in the 1800s hemp was found to have medicinal benefits. Herer says in his book, The Emperor Wears No Clothes, “various marijuana and hashish extracts were the first, second or third most-prescribed medicines in the United States from 1842 until the 1890s. (Herer) For centuries people have recognized the medicinal properties of cannabis; “depending on the c...
From what we know, marijuana has been around for over 10,000 years. Located in Taiwan. However, even though this drug, or should I say crop, has been around for countless years, you won't find it in a history book. The people in Taiwan had figured out that not only could they use the hemp plant as a good food source, but they could also use it to make paper as well as fishing nets. So not only could hemp or marijuana benefit us in the medical era, it could benefit the facing industry and possibly the fisherman all over the country. People are so quick to judge this drug rather than give it a chance.
A genome is the make up of all the genetic material in an organism. It is the entire hereditary instructions for building, running and maintaining an organism and also transferring DNA onto offspring (Refer to image 3). The genome in most organisms is made up of a chemical called Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Genes are a set of instructions that determine what the organism is like, in its environment . Genes are found in the genome. The genome is made up of three components; chromosomes, which contain genes, which are m...
“A gene is a segment of DNA or a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that code for a functional product,” Tortora. Microbiology. p. 575. The syllable of the syllable. These genes not only affect our outlook, but also play a role.
Distinct characteristics are not only an end result of the DNA sequence but also of the cell’s internal system of expression orchestrated by different proteins and RNAs present at a given time. DNA encodes for many possible characteristics, but different types of RNA aided by specialized proteins sometimes with external signals express the needed genes. Control of gene expression is of vital importance for an eukaryote’s survival such as the ability of switching genes on/off in accordance with the changes in the environment (Campbell and Reece, 2008). Of a cell’s entire genome, only 15% will be expressed, and in multicellular organisms the genes active will vary according to their specialization. (Fletcher, Ivor & Winter, 2007).
Genetics is the passing of characteristics from parents to offspring through genes. Genes are information
The information provided by DNA is in the form of a specific sequences of nucleotides along the DNA strands. The content in DNA is inherited by an organism is lead to specific traits because DNA dictates the synthesis of proteins and RNA molecules involved in protein synthesis. Proteins have a direct link with gene expressions through the stages of transcription and translation as DNA directs protein synthesis as it goes from DNA to RNA to proteins.