The study of cosmology reveals a number of fundamental forces relevant to today’s understanding of the universe. The universe is administered by four fundamental forces, or interactions. These four forces are the strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force, electromagnetic force, and then gravity. The strong nuclear force, weak nuclear force work at the atomic level but we can observe gravity and electromagnetism every day. If these four fundamental forces of nature were not working together, our world would break apart and float aimlessly into unconsciousness.
The power fullest of the four fundamental forces of the environment is the strong nuclear force, also named the strong interaction. This force acts in contradiction of the forces of repulsion of protons and binds neutrons and protons to enclose them within the atomic nuclei. This is how the nucleus of the atom is composed. The influence is so strong that the minute particle that carries the force is called “gluon,” which is meant “glue” in Latin. The strength of this effect is very demanding. The protons and electrons are sensit...
Within William Rowe’s Chapter two of “The Cosmological Argument”, Rowe reconstructs Samuel Clark's Cosmological Argument by making explicit the way in which the Principle of Sufficient Reason, or PSR, operates in the argument as well as providing contradictions of two important criticisms from Rowe’s argument.
the vital force that creates all things and the cosmic intellegence that governs it from
An atom, by definition, is the smallest part of any substance. The atom has three main components that make it up: protons, neutrons, and electrons. The protons and neutrons are within the nucleus in the center of the atom. The electrons revolve around the nucleus in many orbitals. These orbitals consist of many different shapes, including circular, spiral, and many others. Protons are positively charged and electrons are negatively charged. Protons and electrons both have charge of equal magnitude (i.e. 1.602x10-19 coulombs). Neutrons have a neutral charge, and they, along with protons, are the majority of mass in an atom. Electron mass, though, is negligible. When an atom has a neutral charge, it is stable.
Parmenides of Elea once presented the expression ex nihilo nihil fit, which translates to nothing comes from nothing for one of his many theses. The Cosmological Argument, an argument of the posteriori category, meaning that it requires data based on past experiences, argues for the existence of God with this type of expression at its core. By attempting to prove how the universe must be influenced by an independent being that has godlike qualities, cosmological arguments suggest that it is rational to believe in an omnipotent being and its accountability of creating the universe.
Physics is the study of matter and how it interacts with other matter and the universe as a whole (“Physics (science)”). In the novel City at the End of Time by Greg Bear, the author uses physics to create the plot in the novel. The novel takes place in two cities, a present day Seattle and the Kalpa, a city one hundred trillion years in the future. Jack, Ginny, and Daniel are drifters living in Seattle, and they are all in possession of sum-runners. The sum-runners allow them to cross “fate-lines” or world-lines. In the Kalpa’s universe space has continuously expanded and the fabric of space is being torn causing rips in space. The Typhon, an unexplainable entity, consumes the decaying space homing in on the Earth. Bear does not use basic physics, instead he focuses on the more complex branches such as theoretical physics, astrophysics, and quantum physics. Bear uses theories from each branch, puts his own twist on them. Bear uses the multiverse theory used both in theoretical physics, and quantum physics, and the Big Rip, and Big Crunch theory used in astrophysics. Greg Bear accurately uses theories in the branches theoretical physics, astrophysics, and quantum physics in the novel City at the End of Time.
The theory of relativity is the basic theory about space-time continuum and gravitation which was mainly established by the greatest theoretical physicist Albert Einstein. According to the areas it aims to describe, Einstein’s theory of relativity can be classified into special relativity (space-time) and general relativity (gravitation) 1. The theory of relativity, as do quantum mechanics, brought a revolutionary impact on the foundation of modern physics, and thus had an impact on modern technology. And it impacted the “common sense” understanding that people had of the universe by its new concepts such as four dimensional spaces and curved space.
However, unlike QED, the reactions of quarks caused by the strong nuclear force are confined to within the particle composed of those quarks (TOE, 21st Century Science) (QFT, Britannica School). The weak nuclear force, though possessing a theory called quantum flavordynamics, with force carriers named the W and Z particles, is now usually combined with electromagnetism to form the electroweak force (Electroweak force, Britannica
Cosmology is a field of astronomy that focuses on the framework, and emergence of the universe. Over the years, many cosmologists have contributed to the subject, using many forms of technology, to make a multitude of discoveries. Improvements in technology are responsible for superlative discoveries, chiefly about the Big Bang, the origin of our universe. The works of various cosmologists, such as Galileo Galilei, Edwin Hubble, Robert Dicke, Arno Penzias, Robert Wilson, and Vera Rubin have changed the way humanity views the universe, through their use of technology, and through their brilliance.
The paper examines the possibility that atomic structures exists as complete self sustaining entities in identical form throughout the Universe, without any form of external input. The paper examines the energy budget of an atomic structure and concludes that gravitational attraction forms an inherent function of the structure in the form of low level quanta ejected from the structure as the final spent particle. It is postulated that all so far identified sub atomic particles are sourced from a single particle, in the central, heavy core, giving up energy in a Bohr/quanta manner as they perform particular functions within the structure. These various energy demands are consistent with the often quoted atomic half life of 1032 years.
Greene continues with his explanations of the special theory of relativity.Chapter 3: Of Warps and Ripples Green begins the chapter by describing "Newton's View of Gravity" and continues by discussing the incompatibility of Newtonian Gravity and Special Relativity. The author also talks about how Einstein discovered the link between acceleration and the warping of space and time. Greene also discuses the basic aspects of General Relativity. He later points out how the two theories of relativity effect black holes, the big bang, and the expansion of space.Chapter 4: Microscopic Weirdness This chapter describes, in detail, the workings of quantum mechanics.
Attraction and repulsion between electric charges at the atomic scale explain the structure, properties, and transformations of matter, as well as the contact forces between material objects. (HS-PS2-6)
The number of theories surrounding how the universe materialized is nearly endless, but Krauss’ thesis is one of the most convincing and buttressed that has been proposed. Lawrence Krauss is one of the most well respected theoretical physicists and cosmologists in America and has done extensive research on how and why the universe is in existence. Like the title of his book, A Universe from Nothing: Why There is Something Rather than Nothing, his entire theory surrounds the fact the universe was created from nothing. In support of his argument, he explores the weight and shape of the universe, dark matter and energy, quantum mechanics, visual particles, and expansion rates. While the world may never know exactly how the universe was created, society is getting closer to figuring it out and Krauss may have been the one to figure it out.
Gravity is defined as the force of attraction that causes objects to fall toward the center of the earth(“Gravity”). Without gravity, the world that we know would not exist. Gravity is the reason why objects are on earth and not floating in space. Although some discoveries have been made about gravity there are still numerous unanswered questions. There are several scientists who are well known for their contribution to science, these scientists include Aristotle, Galileo, Kepler, Newton, and Einstein. Over a course of several hundred years, scientists’ views about gravity has changed. No one really understands how gravity works, but people have learned about the effects of gravity. It started off with a philosophy point of view, and it then moved to a scientific methodology view, and then to scientific theory view.
During the seventeenth century, the modern science of physics started to emerge and become a widespread tool used around the world. Many prominent people contributed to the build up of this fascinating field and managed to generally define it as the science of matter and energy and their interactions. However, as we know, physics is much more than that. It explains the world around us in every form imaginable. The study of physics is a fundamental science that helps the advancing knowledge of the natural world, technology and aids in the other sciences and in our economy. Without the field of physics, the world today would be a complete mystery, everything would be different because of the significance physics has on our life as individuals and as a society.