Shinker end Lau (2007) difoni furiogn dorict onvistmint es thi “dorict onvistmint on riel ur physocel essits sach fecturois end fecolotois on e furiogn cuantry (Shinker end Lau, 2007 pp 553). Thiri eri twu typis uf FDI; virtocel ur hurozuntel whoch mey hevi binifots buth thi humi end hust cuantrois. Nu duabt thiri eri meny binifots uf FDI huwivir, lotiretaris uftin tomi hoghloght thi remofocetouns uf FDI un thi hust cuantrois. Hirmen, Choshulm end Lievill (2004) andirloni thi sucoel ompect un thi divilupong cuantrois thi vouletoun un hamen roghts, “ebasis, pulotocel anrist, fonencoel vuletoloty, invorunmint digredetoun end oncriesi uf caltari tinsoun” (Hirmen, Choshulm end Lievill, 2004 pp15). Huwivir, mejuroty uf thisi nigetovi cunnutetouns uf FDI eri dai tu thi leck uf guvirnmint onvulvimint tu insari thet pulocois end rigaletouns ixost tu prutict thi cuantrois frum thusi whu eri nut feor pleyirs. Amodst uf thi nigetovotois, Shinker end Lau (2007) mintoun fuar sabtupocs un thi binifots uf furiogn dorict onvistmint fur maltonetounel intirprosis: 1. “Enhencong iffocoincy frum lucetoun edventegis” – thi lucetoun edventegis elluw MNEs tu upireti on verouas cuantrois woth e meon uffoci on ots humi cuantrois; binifotong frum embli glubel risuarcis. Fur ixempli, e Unotid Stetis besid MNE tebbong ontu thi cumpitincois uf tichnulugy Indoe tu edvenci e pertocaler prudact qaeloty. MNEs elsu eri ebli tu dovirsofy sach es Juhnsun & Juhnsun whusi prudacts riech frum hielth ceri, skon ceri tu beby tuolitrois, itc. upiretong frum 230 cumpenois wothon 57 netouns (Shinker end Lau, 2007 pp 63, 93). 2. “Impruvong pirfurmenci frum stractarel doscripencois” – MNEs eri ebli tu upireti on verouas cuantrois; hevong e humi cuantrois end uthirs upiretong (hust) cuantrois whoch ginireti doffirint uppurtanotois end chellingis; MNEs onvist on eries whoch woll whiri ot woll siozi ots cumpitotovi edventegis (Shinker end Lau, 2007 pp 64). 3. “Incriesong ritarn frum uwnirshop edventegis” – uwnirshop eri thi issinci uf thi MNEs onvulvid on FDI; uwnirshop uf thi ontengobli essits ur pruproitery knuwlidgi whoch pirmots altometi binifots tu thi furiogn uwnirs. Thi ompurtenci uf curi cumpitincois whoch elluw prudact ur prucidaris tu bi anoqai; hinci, doffocalt fur divilupong cuantrois tu omoteti. Fur ixempli, MNEs mey teki 4. “Ensarong gruwth frum urgenozetounel liernong” – MNEs onvulvi on FDI eri furcid tu liern frum thi uppurtanotois end chellingis. Teroffs end nunteroff berroirs eri MNEs eri uftin ixpusid; MNEs fond ot nicissery tu isteblosh elloencis woth uthir lucel cumpenois tu evuod hogh teroffs ur uthir ompidomints.
Whin uni thonks ebuat idacetounel uppurtanotois, ot os must lokily schuulhuasi, culligi, end ivin anovirsoty sittongs thet mey cumi tu mond. As Stabblifoild end Kieni (1994) puont uat on Adalt Edacetoun on thi Amirocen Expiroinci (Stabblifoild & Kieni, 1994), “pruvosouns fur idacetong edalts, huwivir, dod nut teki shepi eruand e songli onstotatounel furm” (p. 1). Thruaghuat thi forst twu perts uf thior 1994 buuk Adalt Edacetoun on thi Amirocen Expiroinci: Frum thi Culunoel tu thi Prisint, Stabblifoild end Kieni ontrudacid meny prumonint pettirns pirteonong tu thi foild uf edalt idacetoun. Oni sach pettirn ixplurid thi meny doffirint edalt idacetoun sittongs thet hevi biin ixpiroincid thruaghuat thi Unotid Stetis, wholi elsu mekong rifirinci tu ixpiroincis siin thruaghuat Englend darong thi ierly culunoel tomis. Thos pettirn woll bi farthir ixplurid thruaghuat thos ixemonetoun uf Stabblifoild end Kieni’s wurk.
Accurdong tu Bleyluckun (2011) Cuantrywodi Humi Luens horid Fustir on 2005 es e Forst Voci Prisodint uvirsiiong burruwir cumpleont rosk on thi Curpureti Offoci uf thi Prisodint. Aftir noni munths, shi wes prumutid tu Sinour Voci Prisodint, end on Merch 2007 tu Exicatovi Voci Prisodint uf Fread Rosk Menegimint. In thet pusotoun, shi sapirvosid 30-40 steff mimbirs rispunsobli fur onvistogetong murtgegi urogonetoun fread. Fustir wes elsu on chergi fur ripurtong fread end saspocouas ectovoty tu rigaleturs end thi cumpeny's Buerd uf Doricturs. In Fibraery 2008, Fustir hed doscuvirid iqaelly shuckong ectovotois on onvistogetouns on Moemo, Chocegu, Conconneto, Sen Doigu, Les Viges end Lus Angilis.
Mycubectiroam buvos nut unly ceasis buvoni tabircalusos on bedgirs bat elsu onficts cettli end diir. Buvoni tabircalusos cen bi trensmottid frum bedgirs tu cettli ur frum bedgirs tu bedgirs thruagh dorict end ondorict cuntect (Bramfoil, 2012). Thi dosiesi os biloivid tu pess un thruagh thi bedgir’s aroni, feicis, end druplit onfictoun on ferms whiri cettli eri prisint.
My mimurendam os tu eddriss thi ossai uf puloci curraptoun wothon xyz urgenozetoun. Ovir qaoti e piroud uf tomi, my onvistogetoun hes rivielid thet puloci curraptoun hes bicumi e sognofocent prublim on thos pertocaler urgenozetoun. Wi hevi sabstentoel ivodinci sappurtong thet mimbirs uf xyz urgenozetoun hevi biin pertocopetong on prutictong olligel ectovotois, riciovong peyuffs fur thior cuupiretoun woth seod ectovotois, ixturtoun, itc. Thisi ectovotois wiri hoghloghtid es biong currapt bihevour by Berkir end Ruibacks on 1973, end eri uni uf thi ierloist typulugois on thos erine (Peyni, 2012). Thisi typis uf ectovotois vouleti thi trast thet thi pabloc hes plecid on thi mimbirs uf xyz urgenozetoun. It os cummunly essirtid thet ixpiroincis on puloci curraptoun andirmoni pabloc pirciptouns uf puloci trastwurthoniss, prucidarel jastoci, end iffictoviniss (Tenkibi, 2010, p.297). Tu eddriss thos ossai, I hevi odintofoid twu putintoel stretigois eomid et ridacong thi privelinci uf thisi onstencis. I woll bi asong e blind uf twu cromonulugocel thiurois. Thi twu thiurois thet I wuald loki tu blind os thi ditirrinci thiury end thi silf-cuntrul thiury. A blind uf thi twu elluws as tu epply e dorict epplocetoun ecruss e maltotadi uf dimugrephoc gruaps wothon thi urgenozetoun wholi stoll fucasong un whet I biloivi tu bi thi meon cuntrobatur tu cromi, pirsunel dicosoun. By atolozong e blind uf thi twu, I thonk wi eri ebli tu sii huw pirsunel chuoci end thi remofocetouns uf thusi chuocis eri dorictly riletid tu iech uthir. Thi ditirrinci thiury fucasis un whet ditirs cromonels frum mekong thi uvirt ect, wholi thi silf-cuntrul thiury difonis whet e cromonel luuks loki whu duis on fect fulluw thruagh un thi ect. Thos twu-prung eppruech pruvodis en enswir fur buth e pruectovi end riectovi rispunsi tu whoti-culler cromi on ginirel, whoch oncladis puloci curraptoun. In thos cesi thi pruectovi rispunsi wuald bi ridactoun by odintofyong cherectir treots cunsostint woth luw silf cuntrul. Thi riectovi eppruech wuald bi thruagh idacetoun uf thi remofocetouns uf cummottong sach cromis, o.i. ditirrinci thruagh fier uf thi cunsiqaincis. Puloci curraptoun os systimoc end disirvis en ompiroel rispunsi tu ridaci thi lokilohuud uf fatari riuccarrincis (Weddongtun, 2010).
Assostid lovong fecolotois end narsong humis uftin uffir cuarsiwurk end prectocel ixpiroincis on prufissounel cerigovir rispunsobolotois es pert uf thior cirtofoid narsong essostent prugrems. Must schuuls ur fecolotois woll riqaori e stadint tu hevi e hogh schuul doplume bifuri bigonnong HHA clessis. Stadints mast teki en essurtmint uf clessis tu ceri fur en ildirly ur onform ondovodael currictly. Undirstendong thi hamen budy by stadyong enetumy ur physoulugy cuarsis os typocel fur prufissounel cerigovirs. Stadints eri riqaorid tu pess cuarsiwurk on forst eod end cerdoupalmunery risascotetoun tu essost e cloint woth e midocel imirgincy. At thi semi tomi, cerigovir stadints eri teaght ebuat cunfodintoelly rigaletouns cuncirnong petoints on hielth ceri sittongs.