Introduction
Fatty acid synthesis plays a vital role in homeostasis within the human body. The process of fatty acid synthesis regulates energy metabolism and provides fuel in times of starvation1. This process also synthesizes biomolecules that are important to life during embryonic development and lactation in mammary glands2. An overproduction of synthesized fatty acids is implicated in disease states such as obesity, liver disease, and cancer3.
The fatty acid synthase (FAS) complex performs a vital role in fatty acid synthesis. While there are two FAS complexes known, FAS I is the complex present in eukaryotes and higher prokaryotes4. Despite the difference in complexes utilized, the steps of fatty acid synthesis are, for the most part, conserved in all life4. FAS I is a homo dimer of ~272-kd subunits and contains three N-terminal active domains, each comprising a number of catalytic sites2,5. There are seven known catalytic sites in the FAS I complex, linked together by a polypeptide chain2,5. These include β-ketoacyl synthase (KS), malonyl/acetyltransferase (MAT), dehydrogenase (DH), enoyl reductase (ER), β -ketoacyl reductase (KR), acyl carrier protein (ACP) and thioesterase (TE)6. These sites facilitate the reactions necessary for fatty acid synthesis to occur (see fig 1).
Figure 1. Diagram of the FAS I complex showing each of the seven catalytic sites6
Overexpression of FAS I is common in some types of cancers. Therefore, inhibition of FAS I is of significant note because anti-cancer therapies targeted to inhibit FAS I have the possibility of being an effective cancer treatment. This review will discuss the regulation of fatty acid synthesis, examine the biochemical reactions involved in fatty acid synthesi...
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...Iwaya K. Prognostic impact of fatty acid synthase expression in upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Journal of Clinical Oncology, 2014; 44 (4): 1093
Swierczynski J. Hebanowska A. Sledzinski T. Role of abnormal lipid metabolism in development, progression, diagnosis and therapy of pancreatic cancer. World Journal of Gasteroenterology, 2014; 20(9): 2279–2303.
Ito T. Sato K. Maekawa H. Sakurada M. Orita H. Shimada K. Daida H. Wada R. Abe M. Hino O. Kajiyama Y. Elevated levels of serum fatty acid synthase in patients with gastric carcinoma. Oncology Letters, 2014; 7(3):616-620
Uddin S. Siraj AK. Al-Rasheed M. Ahmed M. Bu R. Myers JN. Al-Nuaim A. Al-Sobhi S. Al-Dayel F. Bavi P. Hussain AR. Al-Kuraya KS. Fatty acid synthase and AKT pathway signaling in a subset of papillary thyroid cancers. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology Metabolism, 2008; 93(10):4088-97
Hypothyroidism is a clinical syndrome resulting from a deficiency of thyroid hormones, which leads to a generalized slowing down of metabo...
Lipid metabolism is one source of energy for the human body. We eat food containing one form of lipids, triacylglycerols. Before starting lipid metyabolism, these fats get broken down into droplets by bile salts.Triacylglycerols can be broken into fatty acids plus glycerol via hydrolysis with the help of the pancreatic lipase enzymen and then get used by cells for energy by breaking down even further. Once the pancreas and cells have enough energy and don’t need to absorb anymore, fatty acids get synthesized back into triacylgleryols. The excess triacylglycerols get stored in adipose tissue. Excess storage leads to weight gain and obesity.
Thus, a normal ACADM gene will encode for a fully functioning medium-chain specific acyl-Coenzyme A dehydrogenase. In fatty acid β-oxidation, the MCAD enzyme is responsible for catalyzing the initial step of the mitochondrial β-oxidation pathway for medium-chain fatty acids (C6-C12). The initial step is crucial to allow the progresssion of the β-oxidation pathway.
Pancreatic cancer has become a taboo topic that many people are afraid to speak out about. It looms over families like a dark cloud, and manages to destroy people in a scarily short amount of time. Pancreatic cancer is the fourth most dangerous cancer in the United States, and the more we learn about it, the less deadly it becomes. This cancer begins in the pancreas, a gland behind the stomach, that aides in digestion and disperses hormones critical to keep our body functioning. While many people have a mild understanding of pancreatic cancer, most do not realize that “pancreatic cancer” is an umbrella term for many different types of cancerous tumors.
This is due to the lack of the hormone T3 and T4 being released within their body which ultimately affects your metabolism. Many thyroid patients experience unexpected weight gain so eating a healthy diet filled with good nutrients to keep your body strong are needed. Eating an unhealthy diet will cause even more problems to your health while your whole system is running slower than normal. The number one things that most doctors and dieticians recommend to their patients is to get the thyroid under control because it is very hard to lose weight while having underactive thyroid. Sheila Dean who is the CED of the Palm Harbor Center for Health and Healing in Florida says that “The biggest factors that help with weight loss are calorie- and carbohydrate-controlled meal plans”(Dean, 1). For thyroid patients it is important to limit your calorie and carbohydrates intake because those are the two biggest components to losing weight because of the sugar and extra weight you can put on if you exceed an unhealthy limit. Some key nutrients that should be incorporated in your diet include iodine, Vitamin D, Selenium, Vitamin B12, and Goitrogens all play an important role in healthy
The pancreas can be divided into two sections when studying the histology. The pancreas has exocrine and endocrine functions, each with unique cell types. The exocrine pancreas serves to secrete digestive enzymes into the duodenum. Some of the specific enzymes and secreted substances are Proteases, lipase, amylase, bicarbonate, and water (Bowen, “Exocrine Secretions”). These enzymes are used to break down protein, fat, and carbohydrates respectively. The bicarbonate simply act as an acid buffer to prevent damage of the small intestine as the stomach acid must be neutralized. The enzymes are created in acinar cells and the bicarbonate is synthesized in epithelial cells surrounding pancreatic ducts (Bowen “Exocrine
Sethi, J. K., Vidal-Puig, A. J., (2007). Targeting fat to prevent diabetes. Cell Metab. . 5 (5), 357-70.
There have been extraordinary progresses in identifying cancer at the cellular level and the question of how cancer cells develop are no longer a secret. Although there are many different types of cancer and almost every tissue can turn into malignancies, the basic processes of how cancer arises are very similar. While normal body cells follow the orderly path of cell cycle and only reproduce when instructed to do so, cancer cells violate the schedule and ignore instructions, it fails to follow the orderly enzymatic reaction which is responsible for the deletion of cells with damaged DNA (Kerr et al. 1994). Cancer cells enter cell cycle repeatedly until it will eventually disrupt the function of tissues and organs that are essential to the organism (Weinberg 1996). Not all types of cancer are fatal, benign cancer is a type of cancer which stays in one location only, in another word it will not m...
Patterson, R. E., Flatt, S. W., Newman, V. A., Natarajan, L., Rock, C. L., Thomson, C. A., et al. (2011). Marine Fatty Acid Intake Is Associated with Breast Cancer Prognosis. The journal of nutrition , 141 (2), 201-206.
...eicosapentaenoic acid), and ALA (alpha-linolenic acid) are considered to be the three main fatty acids.
14. Erucic acid is a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid. Like oleic acid, it suppresses the creation of VLCFSAs, but is much more
Cancer develops when cells in a part of the body begin to grow out of
Fatty acids are another type of lipid. The common feature of fatty acids is that they are all esters of moderate to long chain fatty acids. Two polyunsaturated fatty acids, linoleic and linoleic, are designated "essential" because their absence in the human diet has been associated with health problems, such as scaly skin, stunted growth and increased dehydration. These acids are also precursors to the prostaglandins, a family of physiologically potent lipids present in minute amounts in most body tissues.
Figure 1: The hexacyanoferrate iron (III) ion: contains 6 ligands which are bound to the central metal therefore has a coordination number of 6 (n=6¬). (Hussain,2007) [13]
Healthy eating is what we all need to consider in our everyday life. Healthy eating good prevent you from getting cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. There are many choices that we can make that can either benefit us or be hazardous to our health. There are many factors out there that can cause harm to the body. I have chosen three to discuss. What I am going to be talking about throughout my paper will be cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. I will be discussing what foods that would benefit and lessen your chance in getting these diseases. Also we will talk about the foods and other unhealthy choices that can increase your risk of getting these diseases. Eating healthy is what we need to teach our children and enforce it in your home. If we teach our children to start eating healthy at an early age then it could save them from having to struggle with getting these risk factors such as cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. We as parents need to instill good healthy eating habits for our children and make sure that our children are getting exercise of some sort on a daily basis. Adding exercise to your life will also lower your chances of becoming obese and having to worry about getting these risk factors.