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Essay ethical practices
Essay about ethics standards
Essay ethical practices
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The authors in this article present ethical issues that are largely present in research and should be considered by any researcher. The authors note that adequate empirical research into ethical issues has not been conducted. In fact, some ethical issues have been on the spotlight with more research going into them as opposed to others. For example, the authors note that a lot of research has focused on communication between the participants and the researchers (Stanley, Sieber & Melton, 1987). Among the most important ethical issues in research as noted in this article is the giving of consent by participants. Researchers should ensure that they disclose all research information and ensure that participants clearly comprehend what the research is all about before giving their consent. This article also delves into the decision making process of participants before they give consent to be part of research. For example, most participants are still willing to participate in biomedical research even when they understand risks as they confuse research for treatment. The article also goes...
Those who were affected by the testing in hospitals, prisons, and mental health institutions were the patients/inmates as well as their families, Henrietta Lacks, the doctors performing the research and procedures, the actual institutions in which research was being held, and the human/health sciences field as a whole. Many ethical principles can be applied to these dilemmas: Reliance on Scientific Knowledge (1.01), Boundaries of Competence (1.02), Integrity (1.04), Professional and Scientific Relationships (1.05), Exploitative Relationships (1.07, a), Responsibility (2.02), Rights and Prerogatives of Clients (2.05), Maintaining Confidentiality (2.06), Maintaining Records (2.07), Disclosures (2.08), Treatment/Intervention Efficacy (2.09), Involving Clients in Planning and Consent (4.02), Promoting an Ethical Culture (7.01), Ethical Violations by Others and Risk of Harm (7.02), Avoiding False or Deceptive Statements (8.01), Conforming with Laws and Regulations (9.01), Characteristics of Responsible Research (9.02), Informed Consent (9.03), and Using Confidential Information for Didactic or Instructive Purposes (9.04), and Debriefing (9.05). These particular dilemmas were not really handled until much later when laws were passed that regulated the way human subjects could be used for research. Patients
The Belmont Report identifies three core principles that are to be respected when using human subjects for research. The three ethical principles are: respect for persons, beneficence and justice. In the case of Henrietta Lacks each of these fundamental components are violated. The consent that Henrietta provided was not sufficient for the procedures that were conducted.
The IRB is an administrative body which has been established to make sure research participants' rights are protected. IRBs review all aspects of the researchers' project: the study design, the recruitment process, the participant population, the informed consent document and process, the risk/benefit ratio, privacy and confidentiality, data storage and protection, and safeguards for vulnerable participants (University of St. Francis, n.d.). In this way, participants' rights are protected because the effort is made even before the research begins. The review process ensures that participants are chosen fairly and informed adequately and the information collected during research is safeguarded through collection, use, and storage. Research using human participants is such an important part of medicine that it is imperative it is performed in a way that its intrigue is not compromised.
In the United States, the basis for ethical protection for human research subjects in clinical research trials are outlined by the Belmont Report developed in the late 1970’s. This document, published by the Nation Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, highlights three important basic principles that are to be considered when any clinical trial will involve human research subjects. They are; respect for persons, beneficence, and justice. (Chadwick & Gunn, 2004)
Ingram, David, and Jennifer A. Parks. "Biomedical Ethics." The Complete Idiot's Guide to Understanding Ethics. Indianapolis, IN: Alpha, 2002. N. pag. Print.
Truog, Robert D., Walter Robinson, Adrienne Randolph, and Alan Morris. "Is Informed Consent Always Necessary For Randomized, Controlled Trials?" The New England Journal of Medicine 340, (March 1999): 804-807.
As stated above the first step is to determine if there is an ethical dilemma. To determine if there is a dilemma the social worker should refer to the ethical theories noted in Rothman. Rothman (2008) explores three important questions in determining if there is an issue or dilemma. In the case of unethical documentation, it is justified as an ethical dilemma referencing to the distributive question found in Rothman 2008. The distributive question from Rothman (2008) ask whose interest does this theory address (p. 15)? This dilemma balance is close, it can have been seen from both sides. Therefore, it considered to be a dilemma. The next step would be identifying the values and actions involved both personal and client values. According to Rothman (2008) A desire to assist the client toward well-being, grounded in reason and in knowledge of
These patients are desperate and are vulnerable, often consenting to research studies without fully understanding the potential outcome. Therefore, it is imperative to educate the patients, public, and regulatory agencies regarding the pros and cons of these therapies.
To begin, to those who may wonder what informed consent is, it is a legal and ethical prerequisite for clinical research on humans (Bristol, par 2). The purpose of informed consent is to ensure that patient autonomy is respected in decisions about their healthcare (Susilo, 1). Many people say that the term was first used in 1957. There was a malpractice case with Salgo v Leland Stanford Jr. The California Supreme court stated that no patient can submit to a medical intervention without having given “informed consent”. Even though the courts had said this, inf...
I have chosen the business profession topic of higher education administration. I am extremely familiar with this profession; as it is the job that I currently hold. There is a plethora of different activities and task that are dealt with on a daily basis within this profession. Some of these items consist of assisting both full and part time staff and faculty, maintaining order within budgets and finance, including all purchase orders and check requests, facilitating student awards, including scholarships, staffing and training within the department, as well as dealing with public policy and laws within the college. It is immensely obvious that this job would keep anyone busy. This alone is one of the reasons I love this profession so much. Each day brings something new, and important group of items to accomplish. Anyone who holds this job, would go into work everyday knowing that the tasks that they are about to perform, will create a difference to not only to the departments and its students, but will also make a difference within the entire college. This person alone has the responsibility of making ethical decisions every single day as well as watching out for others who may need help being pointed in the proper ethical direction based on their knowledge of the school’s ethics plans that have been put in place. If someone were unaware of the ethical standards in this profession, there is a lot of room for things to head in a corrupt direction rather quickly.
Ethics refers to the values and customs of a community at a particular point in time. At present, the term ethics is guided by the moral principles that guide our everyday actions. These moral principles guide the researcher into deciding what is ‘right’ or ‘wrong’. The foundation of medical ethics is governed by two philosophical frameworks that are deontology, and utilitarianism. However ultimately the ethics committees need to balance the risks, and benefits for the participants and the community associated with the particular research proposal. This balance is quite important as the well being of participants is at risk.7
Looking beyond the Nuremberg Code and applying it to modern medical research ethics, there are many challenges that it poses. Many have argued that the Code tries to provide for all unforeseen events, which restricts the researcher by requiring him to anticipate every situation, demanding the impossible. The most important contribution of the Code is the first principle, which says that voluntary consent of the human subject is absolutely essential. The subject involved should have legal capacity to give consent, should have free power of choice, as well as sufficient knowledge and comprehension of the experiment. This restricts that populations upon which some experiment may be conducted, since many do not have “legal capacity”. For instance, studies of mental illness and children’s diseases have been curtailed because neither of these populations has the legal capacity to give consent. Another group of people, prisoners, are never really able to give voluntary consent since they might be enticed by financial rewards, special treatment, and the hope of early release in exchange for participating in the human experimentation projects. British biostatitcian Sir Austin Bradford Hill also questioned whether it was important to inform a research subject who was receiving a placebo since it does...
Informed consent is a very serious decision a patient has to make when it comes to their health and consenting to procedures that are believed to cure or treat their current health status. It is important to address the effectiveness of the role a physician play in the informed consent process assuring that the patient has given truly informed consent and what safeguards can be put in place to assure the patient is exercising informed consent. Informed consent is based on the fact that the person consenting is a rational individual that is aware of the action to which he/she is consenting. Allen and McNamara (2011) notes that "On the standard understanding, the important elements of informed consent are the provision of information, the voluntariness of the choice and the competence of the chooser to make the choice— so the potential research participant should be provided with information relevant to the decision to participate, they should be able to choose freely about their participation and they should be competent to decide.
...obert J.. Ethics and regulation of clinical research. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Urban & Schwarzenberg, 1986. Print.
... common among social psychologist like what happened when someone conducted a research called The Tuskegee Study of Untreated Syphilis in the Negro Male. The patients in this study were not treated with the disease. The reason why they were selected for the study is to find out the outcome of having Syphilis and not find a cure for it. The research was deemed unethical because the patients were at risk not knowing that they are indeed suffering from Syphilis. They don’t know the symptoms, the cure or the medicine that they should take and it shows that they were rob of the opportunity to get well because the said fact was hidden from them. If there would be another research to be done regardless of the topic, it might be impossible to get participants because of fear that such unethical behavior from researchers might happen again putting everyone’s lives at risk.