Wait a second!
More handpicked essays just for you.
More handpicked essays just for you.
The Importance of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
Prons and corns of environmental and social impact assessment
Effects of global warming earth
Don’t take our word for it - see why 10 million students trust us with their essay needs.
1. Introduction
Climate change the ‘wicked problem’ is continuously imposing significant threat to the nature as whole according to the recent projections (IPCC 2013; Bondeau et al. 2013). This anticipated hazard is unavoidable to some extent though the source of the problem (‘green house gas’ emission) is barred right now (IPCC 2014a). Combination of mitigation (reducing or capturing GHG) and adaptation effort has been suggested both in the short and long term to achieve the complementary advantage (i.e. cost) and to reduce the risk (IPCC 2014a; 2014b).
Transportation, residential and business energy use and industrial sector is the major contributor of global GHG emission (EPA 2013). These three sectors are influenced actively by spatial planning and overarching environmental planning through Strategic Environmental Assessment-‘SEA’ and Environmental Impact Assessment-‘EIA’. This is because the pattern of land use within any area sets the characteristics of the emission from the aforementioned two sectors which is governed largely by SEA in Europe (key contributor in global emission) and industrial emission is ruled through EIA; the two most vital tool of spatial planning for securing the broad environmental goal (Hurlimann and March 2012; Wende et al. 2012). Furthermore, climate risk can be reduced significantly through incorporating adaptation solutions (i.e. drainage, air circulation) in the land use/spatial plan. Indeed, SEA and EIA is acknowledged as the means for the implementation of climate protection within spatial planning and thus can be seen as the appropriate tool for ‘climate proofing’ (Blanco et al. 2009).
The strategic environmental assessment (SEA) procedure is well-grounded to methodically deal ...
... middle of paper ...
...ss in Planning, 75(3), pp.109–154.
Runge, K., Wachter, T. and Rottgardt, E.M. (2011). Climate Adaption, Climate Proofing and Environmental Assessment – Practical Necessities and Integration Potential. UVP Report, 24(4), pp.165–169.
Sadler, B. (1996). Environmental Assessment in a Changing World: Evaluating Practice to Improve Performance. Hull, Quebec: Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency & International Association for Impact Assessment.
Therivel, R. (2004). Strategic Environmental Assessment in Action. 1st ed. London, UK & Washington, USA: Earthscan.
UNFCC. (1992). United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. [online]. Available from: http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/convkp/conveng.pdf.
Wende, W. et al. (2012). Climate Change Mitigation and Adaptation in Strategic Environmental Assessment. Environmental Impact Assessment Review, 32(1), pp.88–93.
Cunningham, William P. Cunningham, Mary Ann and Saigo, Barbara. Environmental Science, A Global Concern. McGraw-Hill. New York, NY. 2005.
The general idea of the order listed in NDAA is the adaptation, defined as the adjusting to the effects of climate change in our environment, instead of addressing the very important topic of mitigation, which is the reduction of harmful greenhouse gases and other pollutants to slow the effects of climate change (Source 6).There are several problems that arise with this exclusion because this is a major threat to the survival
Kump, L.R., Kasting, J. F., & Crane, R.G. (2010). Long-Term Climate Climate Regulation. The earth system (3rd ed., pp. 240-247). San Francisco: Prentice Hall
Wright, R. T., & Boorse, D. F. (2011). Environmental science: Toward a sustainable future (11th ed., pp. 349-369). Boston: Benjamin Cummings.
One of the most compelling and difficult environmental problems society faces today is climate change. People do not realize how much the environment has changed for the worse in the last ten years, until they are told that the last two decades of the 20th century have been the hottest in the last 400 years, according to climate studies (Conserve Energy Future). Today, the carbon dioxide levels have reached 396.81 parts per million (ppm). “Carbon dioxide (CO2) has also increased over the last 100 years-- from about 300 ppm to 370 ppm. Interestingly, the majority of these additions have occurred in the last 50 years, when temperature increases have been the slowest” (geocraft).
McMean, G. (2007, June). Artic climate impact assessment (C. Symon, Ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge Univercity Press. http://www.acia.uaf.edu/pages/scientific.html
“An introduction to climate change.” Natural Resource Defense Council. Natural Resources Defense Council 8 November 2015 n. pag. Web. 28 November 2015.
...onald P., Pitelka, Louis F., Solomon, Allen M., Nathan, Ran, Midgley, Guy F., Fragoso, Jose M.V., Lischke, Heike & Thompson, Ken. (2005, September). Forecasting regional to global plant migration in response to climate change. BioScience 55(9), 749(11).
Environmental impact assessment (EIA) entails a multifaceted appraisement of the possible aftermath caused by a project or action on the surrounding man-made and natural environment (Wood, 2003). This systematic process requires the involvement of all interested stakeholders in the process and the public, in order to achieve a widespread consent on the planned project and mitigation strategies proposed [European Commission (EC), 2014].
1998-1999 World Resources: A Guide to the Global Environment. Environmental Change and Human Health. A Joint Publication by the World Resources Institute, the World Bank, the United Nations Environmental Programme, and the United Nations Development Programme. Oxford University Press, New York, NY 1998.
The development of environmental regimes involves a five-fold process. The first process is the agenda setting and issue definition stage, which identifies and brings attention to an issue to the international community. Secon...
Jay S., Jones C., Slinn P, Wood C. 2007. Environmental impact assessment: Retrospect and prospect. 27, 287-300. Sciencedirect. Elsevier.
Climate change is an inevitable phenomenon that is being experienced globally in various forms such as temperature rise. Sea level rise, droughts, floods, hurricanes, landslides, etc. According to the forth assessment report of the IPCC project even with immediate implementation of mitigation strategies global climate change will continue for decades. Climate change is inflicting serious consequences on human wellbeing and will continue to inflict damages in the future. It is estimated that mean global temperature will rise by 1.8 ºC - 4.0 ºC by end of the 21st century (Izaurraade, 2009). A new global climate model predicts that in the coming decade the surface air temperature is likely to exceed existing records (Smith et al., 2007). Growing season temperatures in the tropics and subtropics by end of the 21st century will exceed the most extreme temperature recorded in the history (Battistic and Rosamond, 2009).
In 1927, for the first time in history, the world’s population reached two billion people. In 2011, less than one hundred years later, it passed seven billion (Worldometers). Some may think that this is a positive increase, creating economic growth and significant innovations in fields such as agriculture, industry and medicine. However, the amount of difficulties our species will encounter over the next century because of this population increase, will greatly outweigh those few optimistic beliefs. For example, twelve to fifteen million hectares of forest are lost every year, the equivalent of thirty six football fields per minute (World Wildlife Fund). In 2011, there were an estimated nine and a half billion metric tonnes of carbon emissions put into our atmosphere (CO₂ Now). The list could go on and on, but ultimately, these are all just contributors to what might be humanity’s most challenging problem yet: climate change.
Environmental management awareness rose up for last decades until today. So in managing and avoiding environmental degradation happen continuously, the are several policy and regulation formed from time to time. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) And Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) is two of environmental protection that being implemented. Most country have the same policy but in own standard of control. These policy primary goal is to ensure the implementation and enforcement