Various mushrooms that have been widely used in Korea, China and Japan as health booster and ancient herbal medicine. A variety of mushrooms have been used traditionally in different cultures for the maintenance of health and in the prevention and treatment of various diseases [1]. Medicinal mushroom is used as a folk medicine in Western Ghats of India.
Mushroom metabolites or other related compounds could be used to develop neutraceuticals or drugs effective against pathogenic microorganisms resistant to conventional treatments. medicinal mushrooms and fungi contains various bioactive substances, including polysaccharides and proteoglycans, which have been shown to exert different properties like antitumor, immunomodulating, antioxidant, radical scavenging, cardiovascular, antihypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antibacterial, antiparasitic, antifungal, detoxification, hepatoprotective, and antidiabetic effects[2].
Antibacterial activity of medicinal mushrooms describes the action of its extracts without identifying the compounds responsible for this activity. Mushrooms showed antimicrobial activity against pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria associated with nosocomial infections (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas maltophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Morganella morganii, Proteus mirabilis, Serratia marcescens, Escherschia coli, Aceinetobacter) and multiresistance. In human pathogenic microorganisms multiple-drug resistance has developed due to indiscriminate use of commercial antimicrobial drugs [3]. Bacterial resistance increasing to antibiotics and antimicrobials is a growing concern facing the medical, food, and sanitation industries [4].
Amongst the several mushrooms, Ph...
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...f cork borer (6 mm), and extracts (80μ/l) were added in each well. The plates were incubated at 35-37°C for 18-24 hours, the activity was calculated by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition and results were compared and analyzed.
Assay of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)
The MIC of Phellinus test samples were carried out by broth dilution method. A set of test tubes containing 9 ml broth medium was prepared, to the first tube a known concentration of Phellinus sample extract was added and the solution was mixed thoroughly. Serial dilution was done and after the dilution, 10μl/ml of the suspension of microbial test was added to each tube including control tubes. The test tubes were incubated at 37°C for 18-24 hours. The test tubes were observed for growth of microorganisms. The concentration of Phellinus samples extracts was 2 μl/ml to 1024 μl/ml [5,10].
S.marcescens is viable enough to flourish on standard media with the production of a pigment, which characteristically ranges from a red to a dark pink shade. Through its pathway of synthesis, Prodigiosin is formed as an alkaloid secondary metabolite with a linear tripyrrole chemical structure (figure 1), (Samrot et al, 2011). Secondary metabolites are natural products and also by-products of metabolism.(Vaishnav and Demain, 2011).
To begin the lab, the variable treatment was prepared as the Loggerlite probe, used to later measure oxygen consumption, warmed up for approximately 10 minutes. To prepare the variable treatment, 200ml of Sodium and Ammo-lock water was measured in a container and a pre-prepared “tea bag” of tobacco was steeped in the room temperature treated water until a light yellow color was visible. After preparing the tobacco solution the preparation for the live goldfish began as two beakers were filled with 100 ml of treated water. Each beaker was weighed before addi...
Through standard curve, we know the relationship between absorbance and cell concentration is that the more absorbance the higher cell concentration. The data was measured by spectrophotometer which can be used to measure the concentration of a known chemical substance. The higher value of dada means that the higher concentration. At the same time, it means that the higher rate of growth. The table and graph directly reflect the relationship between temperature and speed of growth of Euglenas. The graph has shown a trend that first rise after falling. The sharpest change belong room temperature and the gentle change is that when Bioreactors in fridge. Therefore, we can draw a conclusion that when in room temperature (about 23) there is the fastest speed of growth. Excessive temperature will affect the growth of euglenas.
Plenty of fungal problems exist, including athlete’s foot, jock itch, ringworm, and onychomycosis (fungal infection beneath nails). However, many antifungal drugs exist as well, such as Lamisil, which is the most effective. Using the molecule terbinafine hydrochloride, it puts holes in the cell membranes of fungal cells, and can destroy fungi. Despite this, Lamisil has many problems such as harmful side effects, and a high cost, and can therefore be vastly improved. Some of Lamisil’s competitors, such as Tinactin, offer a similar medication for a cheaper price, and other analogs of the drug could prove to be safer and even more effective. For now though, Lamisil, the 87th best selling prescription drug in the world, is the best antifungal medication1.
The uses of this mushroom have been recorded over 2000 years ago, when documentation proves that the Greek pharmacist Dioscorides found this fungus as being effective for treating Consumption, which is nowadays known as Tuberculosis.
Native Americans have a long history of using native plants, berries, herbs, and trees for a wide variety of medicinal purposes. Native Americans have been using these methods for thousands of years.
.... They were technological advanced for a society that existed thousands of years ago. Unfortunately with contact with outside societies much of this knowledge was lost to time. In this modern days Aleuts are able to get medical care through city and town hospitals and clinics. They can visits doctors and specialists who prescribe a vary number of modern medicines. They no longer use shamans to help cure there illnesses. They are some shamans that still exist today, but they are scarce and most perform in secrecy. The medicinal knowledge of plants is only thing that survive till the modern times. The knowledge of these plants is still being passed down to the next generation. Medical companies are know using these plants in modern medicines. Modern medical companies are now understanding the usefulness of the plants of the Aleuts and how they help cure illnesses.
The cultures were maintained at 25±20C under 16 hr illumination of 4000 lux intensity. The results are presented in Table 1, it can be seen from the data that pH of the medium had significant effect not only on regeneration frequency but also on number of shoots developed in each culture. Maximum 62.5±4.7 percent cultures in CoS 98259 and 67.3±4.9 percent in CoS 767 developed shoots at pH 6.0 while regeneration frequency was the lowest at pH 5.6. An increase in pH form 6.0 to 6.2 and 6.4 reduced the frequency of shoot regeneration from the callus (Table
Compounding all of these solutions, the pharmaceutical industry needs to conduct extensive research on developing new antibiotics for various pathogenic bacteria by studying the bacterial structure. This will help scientists to formulate ways of counteracting the functions of the various constituents of bacteria.
All over this planet from the ocean floor to the forests and jungles some form of Fungi can be present. Though they can be found in many different forms such as mold yeast, the most commonly known is the Mushroom. Found in the wild on dead plant and animal matter, the mushroom is nothing more then the fruit of a fungus spore and can be a nutrisous food. There is a specific Genus of these Fungi that have a unique chemical inside of them. Psilocybin or its chemical name Dihydrogen Phospate is a naturally occuring compound with strong Psychoactive properties.
Lindberg, D. (n.d.). Herbal Medicine: MedlinePlus. U.S National Library of Medicine. Retrieved May 7, 2014, from http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/herbal
In this method, living spores which are resistant to whichever sterilizing agent is being tested are prepared in either a self contained system, such as dry sp...
There is a large body of research into herbal medicines. Great progress has been made in the isolation and identification of the constituents of medicinal plants using high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography. Research to identify the main active components is carried out either in a search for new drugs or to enable claims to be made for proprietary herbal preparations. Medicinal plants have been generally shown to have not one but a combination of active principles. Once these principles are found, the next step is learning how to synthesize it
Culture plates of yeasts strains: S41, a pet 1 and M240, conical flasks containing Yeast Extract Potassium Acetate (YEPA), Yeast Extract Peptone Dextrose (YEPD) and Yeast Extract Palm Olein (YEPPO) media, pH indicator, inoculation loop, microscope, methylene blue, Bunsen burner and incubator.
Reshetnikov S., Wasser S., Duckman I., & Tsukor K. (2000). Medicinal value of the genus Tremella Pers. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms 2 (3): 345–67