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Eu regional integration advantages and disadvantages
Formation of the European Union
Formation of the European Union
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The need to generate strong economic blocs as well as gain economic advantage with regards to imports and exports whilst promoting internal trade has promoted the development of regionalization as a means to gain the same. This has developed other themes like multi-corporations as well as globalization which are a concept through which regional markets are joining efforts in a universal network with an effort to improve governmental ideas through communication, transport and trade (Sim, et al. 2003). The concept is closely related to those of economic globalization which integrates national economies into the international economy (Robinson, 2001). Such integrations thus have been achieved by trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, and migration (Thelen, 2003). One of these networks has been the European Union (EU) which has come up as a major bloc amongst the European nations with its effects having a global perspective.
Since 1958 with an initial 6 member states the European Union has been in existence with its membership having risen to 27 States to date. The Union was initiated as an economic as well as political union waging its history to the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and later the European Economic Community (EEC) following the Maastricht Treaty of 1993 (Craig, & Búrca, 2008). The EU has formulated its system into a hybrid one made up of supranational autonomous institutions, where the member states are the deciding organs of the intergovernmental negotiated decisions (Albi, & Ziller, 2006). There have however been opinions that the EU has been more of a balance seeking concept rather than a common goal one. The proponents of such view see the Union as an attempt by the member states to have an ed...
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Economic Geography, 2(4), p.373-406. Available at: http://joeg.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/doi/10.1093/jeg/2.4.373.
Robinson, W.I., 2001. Social theory and globalization : The rise of a transnational state. Theory
and Society, 30(2), p.157-200. Available at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/657872.
Sim, L, Ong, S, Agarwal, A, Parsa, A, & Keivani, R 2003, 'Singapore’s competitiveness as a
global city: development strategy, institutions and business environment', Cities, 20, 2, p. 115, Academic Search Premier, EBSCOhost, viewed 19 May 2011.
T-201/04, Microsoft v. Commission
The United Brands Continental BV v. Commission [1978] ECR 207
Thelen, K., 2003. The Paradox of Globalization: Labor Relations in Germany and Beyond.
Comparative Political Studies, 36(8), p.859-880. Available at: http://cps.sagepub.com/cgi/doi/10.1177/0010414003256111.
Throughout the years, European history had undergone hurdle after hurdle with the devastating world wars and the advent of the Cold War. From 1946-1989 many different views had begun to emerge and were held over whether or not the European states should be unified. Once again the continent had become divided, with war separating Europe into opposing alliances and turned nations against others. Conflicting arguments soon arose on how to address the state of Europe and whether it should be kept divided or reunified once more. Some believed a unified Europe would bolster its strength, some were more doubtful and undecided, while others declared themselves to be completely opposed to the very notion of unification.
Fulcher, James. "Globalisation, the Nation-state and Global Society." The Sociological Review 48.4 (2000): 522-43. Print.
Over the course of sixty years, the European Union (EU) has evolved to become one of the most economically and politically integrated regions in the world. Compare and contrast the EU with one other major global trading bloc, such as NAFTA or ASEAN, with which you are familiar.
...: Reassessing Legitimacy in the European Union. Journal of Common Market Studies, 40 (4), pp. 603-24.
The European Union (EU), since the initial foundation in 1952 as the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) and throughout periods of development, has been considered one of the most advanced forms of regional integration. It, based on numerous treaties and resolutions, has strived to promote values such as peace, cooperation or democracy, and in 2012 was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for having “contributed to the advancement of peace and reconciliation, democracy and human rights in Europe” (Nobel Media AB, 2012). Despite its struggle for promoting democracy, the EU itself has long experienced scholarly criticisms that it suffers the democratic deficit, from which its democratic legitimacy is undermined by observable problems in political accountability and participation. As the importance of legitimacy in a democratically representative institution is hardly debatable, the criticism of whether and why the EU lacks democracy has been given a considerable gravity in academia.
The EU is a union of sovereign European states who share sovereignty based on treaty. The union also possesses competences in policy sectors with exclusive jurisdiction in the area of Economic and Monetary Union while others are shared with Member States (MS), the other powers belong to MS as derived from the conferral of powers art 5(2) TEU, 2(1) TFEU art.3 & 4 TFEU additionally other powers have been offered by the decisions of the European Court for direct effect on citizens
Weiss, L. (1997),’Globalization and the Myth of the Powerless State’, in New Left Review, September-October, 225 (1), pp. 3-27 [Online].
The European Union stands on the threshold of unparalleled change over the coming years. The next waves of enlargement will be unprecedented in nature and continental in scale. This process has gained so much political momentum that it is now irreversible.
Senior, Nello Susan. "Chapters:4,15." The European Union: Economics, Policies and History. London: McGraw-Hill, 2009. Print.
The enlargement of the European Union (EU) in 2004 and 2007 has been termed as the largest single expansion of the EU with a total of 12 new member states – bringing the number of members to 27 – and more than 77 million citizens joining the Commission (Murphy 2006, Neueder 2003, Ross 2011). A majority of the new member states in this enlargement are from the eastern part of the continent and were countries that had just emerged from communist economies (EC 2009, Ross 2011), although overall, the enlargement also saw new member states from very different economic, social and political compared to that of the old member states (EC 2009, Ross 2011). This enlargement was also a historical significance in European history, for it saw the reunification of Europe since the Cold War in a world of increasing globalization (EC 2009, Mulle et al. 2013, Ross 2011). For that, overall, this enlargement is considered by many to have been a great success for the EU and its citizens but it is not without its problems and challenges (EC 2009, Mulle et al. 2013, Ross 2011). This essay will thus examine the impact of the 2004/2007 enlargements from two perspectives: firstly, the impact of the enlargements on the EU as a whole, and thereafter, how the enlargements have affected the new member states that were acceded during the 2004/2007 periods. Included in the essay will be the extent of their integration into the EU and how being a part of the Commission has contributed to their development as nation states. Following that, this essay will then evaluate the overall success of the enlargement process and whether the EU or the new member states have both benefited from the accessions or whether the enlargement has only proven advantageous to one th...
Janus Corporate Solutions. (2011) Introduction to Singapore’s economy. Guide me Singapore. Retrieved April 4, 2011 from http://www.guidemesingapore.com/relocation/introduction/singapores-economy
Globalization can be explained in economic and sociological contexts. Malcolm Waters, in his book– ‘Globalization’ writes that “Globalization is a social process in which the constraints of geography on economic, political, social and cultural arrangements recede, in which people become increasingly aware that they are receding and in which people act accordingly.” Whereas, Nobel laureate and economist Joseph Stiglitz in his book ‘Globalization and Its Discontents’ says that ”Globalization is the closer integration of the countries and peoples of the world ...brought about by the enormous reduction of costs of transportation and communication, and the breaking down of artificial barriers to the flows of goods, services, capital, knowledge, and people across borders." However, according to Jon Aart Scholte- an authority on the subject- globalization as a process is ‘deterritorialization’; i.e., under the conditions of the process of globalization, territories- geographical boundaries have transgressed and have become extraneous to human relations. For instance, employees of a call-centre in Noida can sell insurance schemes to a resident of New York. Malcolm Waters based on the different forms of human exchange proposed a ‘Globalization Theorem.’ The theorem states that-“Material exchanges localize; political exchanges internationalize; and symbolic exchanges globalize.” Material exchange refers...
The interrelation and the integration of people, companies, governments and nations can be described as globalization. Globalization was produced due to international trade and investments with the help of technology. In today’s world, globalization is very essential. Advancements and technology help the process needed for globalization. Many countries and organizations similarly are affected by this phenomenon, on the other hand, smaller countries have benefited from larger contributors to the world’s market.
In addition, after the 2011 Singapore general election, the government of Singapore has greatly changed its economic approach and it seems to be better for the economy of Singapore so far. On the other hand, measures have also been taken to cool down the property market which has constantly affected inflation rates, also tightened the foreign labour policies that constantly influence the labour market and unfold its impacts onto the Singapore’s economy as it comes back in one round. The unemployment rate in Singapore has been maintaining itself as being one of the lowest numbers in the world. The majority of Singapore’s labour force is well educated and highly skilled. Even primary education is a must for all citizens (Economywatch.com, 2010). In addition, for the year 2010, Singapore had the 8th largest current account balance in the world at US$49.454 billion. To conclude, Singapore has come so far from its sunken economy since independence in 1965 to become a booming and prosperous economy that it is
Global cities are cities with substantial economic power, controlling the concentration and accumulation of capital and global investments. Despite this, global cities are the sites of increasing disparities in occupation and income. This is as a result of large in-migration and growing income inequality together with capacity and resource constraints, and inadequate Government policies.