Both the European Neighborhood Policy (ENP) and the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) are strategies developed by the European Union in regards to their dealings with the ‘outside’ world. The European Neighborhood Policy finds its obstacles in the once superpower of the Russians, and their conflicting neighborhood policy. Whereas the EU’s Common Foreign and Security Policy finds its obstacles through its numerous memberships which on the outside one would consider a boon of combined knowledge, but when their insurmountable differences become involved it is a burden. The European Union unfortunately has become known for being a hypocritical organization, playing the mantra ‘do as I say not as I do’. Moreover, the European Union takes its power for granted and assumes “itself as a superior embodiment of soft power and a model of peace, democracy and prosperity in the region.” After the Cold War, the EU set out to develop a new phase of expansion and integration. One of the topics related to the process of European Union integration is the concern of a European Identity, and what it means to be ‘European’. The EU has struggled to define itself as a “Multicultural community sharing a set of universal values” , conversely defining what it means by ‘multiculturalism’ has become the center of political conflict within its governments. The conundrum may be if the European Union wants to keep the European feeling, then why should it bring in a country that is not European? But then again what is European? The debate over this term is one that surrounds the history of Europe and the possible futures available for the European Union. Is the EU or any nations allowed within it defined by the geographic constructs shown on th...
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...tands, a small power. Small power states “develop behavioral patterns which decisively separate them from non-group members”. What a small power does and how these small powers behave compared to other types of power is key when trying to understand this relational approach to power.
Works Cited
Harpaz, G. (2004). The Obstacles and Challenges that Lie ahead for a Successful Implementation of the European Neighborhood Policy as a Social Engineering and Peace-Promoting Instrument. The Isreali Association for the Study of European Integration.
Redmond, J. (2007). Turkey and the European Union:troubled European or European trouble? International Affairs, 305-317.
Toje, A. (n.d.). The European Union as a Small Power.
Wilson, A., & Popescu, N. (2009). Russian and European Neighborhood Policies Comapred. Southeast European and Black Sea Studies, 9, 317-331.
In a recent White House brief, President Obama called the Russian invasion of Crimea a clear violation of Ukraine’s sovereignty, territorial integrity, and international law. When assessing the Russo-Ukrainian crises in Crimea, the commander of European Command (EUCOM) and the Supreme Allied Commander of European Forces (SACUER) must account for U.S. interests in the region before deciding a proper course of action. This essay aims to assess four of the United States’ national interests from the perspective of EUCOM and SACUER. The first section will outline the role of EUCOM and SACUER in the European region and assess the overall problem of Russia invading Crimea. The second section will outline four of the United States’ national interests at stake: international order, trade and economic prosperity, energy supply, and freedom of the seas.
Shiraev, Eric B., and Vladislav M. Zubok. International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press, 2014.
One of the ends that is used in speech is “Peaceful and Secure Europe”. This is a very ambitious end and you have to allocate a lot of both ways and means to accomplish that. On the other hand you can always argue about what peaceful and secure means. In this case however I have to relate it to the current
International politics as one may imagine includes foreign affairs. This is why the topic and focus of this paper revolves around the current event within Eastern Europe. It will focus on both Russia, Ukraine, and the world, and from it, it will be analyzed by using the resources provided within class. After all it is a International Politics course, and one of the best ways to effectively put the skills and knowledge to use is to focus on an event or current event. The paper will attempt to go over in a chronological order of the events that has happened, and what is happening currently over in Ukraine. Afterwards, an analyzed input will be implemented providing reasoning behind Russia's actions, and actions of the world, and potentially some solutions.
The European Union is an example of successful political globalization as there is stability in the region. The European Union has united several countries, specifically “twenty seven European countries” (Davies 1) and there has been benefits to this system. There has been a “reduction in crime, a rise in population, life expectancy and income as well as an improving government.” (Rich 3). Through this political system there has been improvement in not only in the government but in the people’s wellbeing.
Europe will not run the 21st century because of a combination of economic, institutional, and cultural factors. However, for the purpose of this paper, I will focus on the economic aspects of European society that will impede EU ascendency. I do not believe that the EU will cease to exist in the coming century, but I do believe it will become obsolete because it will be unable to make the necessary changes to their demographic problems, defense policies, and economic culture in response to the increasing American ascendency. Europe has long been known as the continent home to the great powers of the world. From Caesar to Napoleon to the British Empire, the European empires have continuously been at the helm of the ship of progress. The wars of the 20th century however, left Europe in a wake of destruction and chaos period before. The continent was devastated and had little hope to recover. In this new era of European descent, the great American Era came into existence. The US, one of the remaining superpowers, became the helping hand that Europe needed. With the aid allocated by the Marshall Plan and the creation of programs and institutions, Europe had a future. The creation of the European Union (EU) united the European countries over the common goal of preventing war another war. The United States intended for these programs to be a stepping-stone to build the economic and institutional powers of Europe, because a stronger Europe was good for the US. However, instead of using these as a springboard to create self-reliant union, the EU remains reliant on US military and hard power to support them their social efforts.
The following paragraphs will discuss how this war, where no blood was shed, played out throughout Europe. These paragraphs will examine and provide examples of how the Cold War created a new set of geopolitical, social and economic relationships throughout the continent, as well as which of these factors was of most importance. Geopolitics is defined as the study of the effect geography has on international politics and relations. Following the Yalta Conference and the formal surrender of Germany, the geopolitical relationships amongst nations once controlled by Hitler’s army were up in the air. Would they fall into the hands of the communist forces of Stalin’s regime or would they embrace the democratic government sweeping the world thanks to the United States and Western Bloc powers?
The Cold War did not directly involve Europe, but Europe and its various states were key players and key sources of tension between the two great powers, the USSR and the United States of America. The dates of the beginning and end of the Cold War are debated but 1947-1991 is generally agreed upon. In this paper, I will attempt to outline the events of the Cold War which were relevant to Europe and how this affected European integration and relations. ‘Integration’ here refers to the process of transferring powers of decision-making and implantation from national to supranational level. Europe was weakened after World War Two, especially in contrast with the USSR and the USA. Traditional European hegemony was at an end and Europe had to find a new dynamic without becoming involved in conflict with the two new superpowers.
Relations between Turkey and European integration institutions began with Turkey’s application for associate membership in the European Economic Community(EEC) in 1959. Turkey applied for full membership in the EEC in 1987 but did not gain candidate status until 1999. Since 1999, relations between Turkey and the European Union (EU) have gained momentum, and Turkey’s EU accession negotiations began in 2005. Since that time, discussions about the implications of Turkey’s prospective EU membership have become more serious and extensive in both Turkey and the EU.the potential advantages and drawbacks of Turkey’s EU membership for both Turkey and the EU. It considers economic, social, political, and security factors. When the enlargement process of the EU is considered,Turkey and the future of EU-Turkey relations are often discussed. As Heinz Kramer, head of the EU External Affairs research unit at the Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik in Berlin, has observed, Turkey and the EU share a decades-old common history of the contractual-based relations since the late 1950s which finally led to the start of accession negotiations at the beginning of October 2005.Turkey’s relations with European integration institutions started with the Ankara Agreement signed in September 1963. Since that time, there have been ups and downs in the relationship. Since the start of Turkey’s EU accession negotiations at the beginning of October 2005, relations have gained a new momentum and ambiguity has begun to disappear.
...olutionist reforms proved permanent, and gave Turkey domestic peace and a measure of prosperity even in his lifetime. But Kemalism has also left Turkey with a divided identity - Europeanised but not quite European, alienated from the Islamic world but still a Muslim country.
Europe has been militarily weak since World War II, but it remained unnoticed because of the unique geopolitical context of the Cold War: it was the strategic pivot between the United States and the Soviet Union. With the "new Europe", in 1990s, everybody agreed that Europe will rest...
In the 20th Century the Ottoman Empire had become a shadow of its former self. Under developed and underpowered compared to European powers, the centuries of decline were now finally affected them. Referred to as the “Sick Man of Europe” in the 18th Century it was finally coming to realization that the great empire that wanted to conquer the world was about to fall. While you can look at their defeat in World War I as the reason for its collapse, there were internal struggles within the Empire that made its political and cultural identity out of date in the ever changing world of the 20th Century. While the powers in Europe were no strangers to colonization, which they had done in the “New World” and Africa, they began to expand into a region they had not been involved in since the crusades . Originally the Ottoman Empire ruled over most of the Middle East including Egypt, Arabia and parts of Persia. While they were not always popular rulers, they were a calming presence in the region that brought some level of stability. The region they controlled was very multicultural, and even though the state religion was Islam, many other religions such as Roman Catholicism and Greek Orthodox were present . Many Europeans were granted special accommodations within the Ottoman Empire which angered actual Turks and made ready for change. The actual collapse of Ottoman Society came well before 1918 as the Young Turks movement in 1908 called for the abdication of the Ottoman Sultan and for a new government to be created . In 1914 when World War I started they tried to pick which side they were allies with carefully as they wer...
The enlargement of the European Union (EU) in 2004 and 2007 has been termed as the largest single expansion of the EU with a total of 12 new member states – bringing the number of members to 27 – and more than 77 million citizens joining the Commission (Murphy 2006, Neueder 2003, Ross 2011). A majority of the new member states in this enlargement are from the eastern part of the continent and were countries that had just emerged from communist economies (EC 2009, Ross 2011), although overall, the enlargement also saw new member states from very different economic, social and political compared to that of the old member states (EC 2009, Ross 2011). This enlargement was also a historical significance in European history, for it saw the reunification of Europe since the Cold War in a world of increasing globalization (EC 2009, Mulle et al. 2013, Ross 2011). For that, overall, this enlargement is considered by many to have been a great success for the EU and its citizens but it is not without its problems and challenges (EC 2009, Mulle et al. 2013, Ross 2011). This essay will thus examine the impact of the 2004/2007 enlargements from two perspectives: firstly, the impact of the enlargements on the EU as a whole, and thereafter, how the enlargements have affected the new member states that were acceded during the 2004/2007 periods. Included in the essay will be the extent of their integration into the EU and how being a part of the Commission has contributed to their development as nation states. Following that, this essay will then evaluate the overall success of the enlargement process and whether the EU or the new member states have both benefited from the accessions or whether the enlargement has only proven advantageous to one th...
The blurring of national borders has lead states to realize that their desire for order cannot be guaranteed. Irregular migration thus comes to be seen as undermining the exercise of state sovereignty, endangering public confidence in the effectiveness of its government (Koser, 2011). Additionally, the member states that are situated at the external borders feel that those states that are not are lack in taking up their responsibilities, resulting in increased suspiciousness between member states (Koser, 2011). These developments have lead to “foreigners knocking on Europe’s doors looking for better material life or freedom of prosecution find[ing] a Europe disputed along national lines and an absence of a receptive European identity” (Heinitz,
In his article “The Failure of Multiculturalism”, Kenan Malik uses the diverse European culture to study and explain the irony of multiculturalism. He defines multiculturalism as “the embrace of an inclusive, diverse society” (Malik 21). Integration between cultures is practically inevitable, but several nations view this as a threat towards upholding their culture. Due to this, many countries have made attempts at properly integrating new people and ideas while trying to prevent the degradation of their own. This can result in unjust regulations and the reverse effect of an intended multicultural society.