Introduction
The Prophet Muhammad was the last of the prophets of Allah and he was the founder of the great religion of Islam. In fact, he is one of the most influential figures in the history. His life, actions and sayings have been studied by many researchers around the world. The prophet's sayings in specific constitute a fertile area of linguistic phenomenon.
Euphemism in the sayings of the prophet Muhammad from a pragmatic perspective, being under study in this research, is a very important topic that aims at understanding the depth of meanings that are decoded from the utterances of the prophet Muhammad and it is hoped to contribute to the accuracy of the translations of these meanings.
The French diplomat Charles Talleyrand once remarked: "A diplomat who says 'yes' means 'maybe'; a diplomat who says 'maybe' means 'no'; and a diplomat who says 'no' is no diplomat''. This quotation vividly shows that communication involves more than what we literally say and the accurate meaning cannot be found always in the explicit sense of a word. Hence, the researchers appreciate the complexity behind word choice and the changeable nature of meaning (Linfoot-Ham: 2005). Further, communication is not only a matter of exchanging talks, but also a matter of being polite and knowing how to send the message without affecting the face of the interlocutor (Abdul Wahid: n.d).
To begin with, it is worth defining the term 'pragmatics'. Crystal (1985) and Watson & Hill (1993) define pragmatics as the study of language from the viewpoint of the users. They also add that pragmatics is concerned with the factors that govern the users' choice and the constraint they meet with in employing the use of the language. Hence, we can...
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...n maxim: the interlocutor minimizes the expressions which express dispraise of other and maximizes praise of other.
- Modest maxim: the interlocutor minimizes the expressions which express praise of self and maximize dispraise of self.
- Agreement maxim: the interlocutor minimizes the expressions which express disagreement between self and other and maximize agreement between self and other.
- Sympathy maxim: the interlocutor minimizes the expressions which express antipathy between self and other and maximizes sympathy between self and other.
The theory of Brown & Levinson (1987) is also concerned about politeness. The basic fundamental notion of their model is 'face' which in turn, consists of positive and negative politeness. It is supposed that it is important not only to maintain the speaker's face, but also the face of addressee during the conversation.
and results: 1- The previous analysis shows that neither of the translations was a complete and ideal translation and each of the translations fail in some dimensions. 2- Both translations were successful on the first dimension- temporal, social and geographical provenance. 3- Both translations were partly successful and sometimes unsuccessful on the dimensions of social role relationships and social attitude. 4- Only the translation by Mahdi Ghabraee could keep and convey the author's personal stance
times in Beowulf, once in line 1231, where Wealhtheow uses it to refer to Hrothgar's dryhtguman, once in line 2179, where it refers to Beowulf's heorogeneatas, and three times in the phrase beore/wine druncen, in lines 480, 531, and 1467: twice this expression refers to Hunferth, and once to Hrothgar's oretmecgas” (Gould). In this passage Gould said, “Scholars seem willing to translate the word as 'drunken' when it refers to Hunferth, though even here they are likely to tone it down by using