Francis Bacon helped to pioneer the new science steering people away from Aristotelian teachings. He helped to bring the scientific method to a place of learning from observation and experimentation. He felt that science should be judged by the usefulness of the results (Greenwood, 2009). Bacon projected that many great things might come out of this empirical approach, but what has ensued in the centuries that followed, Bacon and others might not have predicted. Since Bacon and others pushed for a more empirical approach, numerous discoveries have been made. During this scientific revolution throughout the 16th century was categorized with big advances such as the making of new lenses by Galileo, Kepler and Huygens leading to new information about the stars and space, Magellan circumnavigating the earth, Columbus discovering the Americas, Gutenberg’s printing press advancing literature rapidly, and a religious reformation by Martin Luther that changed the church indefinitely (Graham, 2009). The scientific revolution continued far into the 17th century which was categorized with major findings in mathematics with Leibnitz and Newton independently discovering Calculus, Antoni van Leeuwenhoek discovered bacteria, William Harvey published his findings on the circulatory system, Newton’s laws of motion, and continued work on understanding the universe (Wikipedia Selection for schools – 17th century, 2008/9). The 18th century saw the invention of the steam engine which opened up the way for steel production, the discovery of photosynthesis, and the spinning jenny leading to the industrial revolution (Wikipedia Selection for schools – 18th century, 2008/9). More inventions and discoveries epitomized the 19th century which saw m... ... middle of paper ... ...0062 Redlich, A. D. (2007). Double jeopardy in the interrogation room for youths with mental illness. American Psychologist. doi:10.1037/0003-066X62.6.609 Welch, M. (2010). Illusions in truth seeking: the perils of interrogation and torture in the war on terror. Social Justice, 37(2/3), 123-148. Retrieved from http://www.socialjusticejournal.org/fliers/37-2-3flier.html Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 17th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/17th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 18th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/18th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 19th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/1/19th_century.htm Wikipedia Selection for schools (2008/9). 20th century. Retrieved from http://schools-wikipedia.org/wp/2/20th_century.htm
In the article, “The Torture Myth,” Anne Applebaum explores the controversial topic of torture practices, focused primarily in The United States. The article was published on January 12, 2005, inspired by the dramatic increase of tensions between terrorist organizations and The United States. Applebaum explores three equality titillating concepts within the article. Applebaum's questions the actual effectiveness of using torture as a means of obtaining valuable information in urgent times. Applebaum explores the ways in which she feels that the United States’ torture policy ultimately produces negative effects upon the country. Applebaum's final question is if torture is not optimally successful, why so much of society believes it works efficiently.
America’s Use of Torture in Interrogations of Suspected Terrorists Violates Human Rights by Lisa Hajjar
In 1571 the science we knew then would change drastically in the next fifty nine years, due to the birth of Johannes Kepler a German astronomer. His contributions to the science world and his work in the scientific revolution sure didn't go unnoticed. Which is why he should be the face of the Terra, the new world currency debuting in two thousand seventeen. He contributed everything from the three laws of planetary motion to how the tides work, And a lot more other achievements. His education was in germany but he didn't study astronomy, instead he was hoping to become a theologian. A theologian, a person who engages or is an expert in study of the nature Then his life took a major turn and he ended but studying and discovering
This first portion of this paper will discuss what the author considers ethically, legally, and personally pertinent in addressing the issue of a client wanting to pursue a social relationship after therapy has terminated. It discusses how the author will proceed and things that would affect her decision about responsible professional practice. Given the scenario that the authors’ client has revealed that he or she is sexually attracted to me, the second portion of this paper will discuss how the author’s actions would differ if she were sexually attracted to her client in return. It will also discuss how the author would proceed with and what would affect her decisions about responsible professional practice.
Ever since the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, torture has been a controversial issue. This information-gathering technique has been the major topic of every wartime discussion. In the case of a terrorist attack such as that of 9/11, shouldn’t torture be justified as a way to save countless lives? Torture proponents always use the scenario in which thousands, if not millions, of lives are pitted against the well-being of one likely terrorist and his torture. Torture opponents argue that torture is a clear violation of human rights, morals, and ethics. Even though torture is morally and ethically inexcusable and generally frowned upon, it cannot be considered a black-and-white issue. Looking at the big picture, however, due to the traumatizing nature of torture, it must be considered that torture is morally and ethically in the wrong, but torture should be justified in the few, extremely rare situations where no other methods for extracting information are available.
The Scientific Revolution was a time of change and new thinking. Many innovators had new ideas about the earth and many other things, but most challenged the Church in thinking of these new concepts. This revolution was so important to the development of mankind that modern historians honor the phrase with initial capital letters. This change of thought took almost two centuries to become established in western Europe; today this prolonged crisis is known as the Scientific Revolution. This new way of seeking the world, was first introduced with Copernicus's work published in 1543. It reached its triumphal acceptance with the appearance on Isaac Newton's "Principia" in 1687*. The one person who set the Scientific Revolution in motion and pulled modern science out of ancient natural philosophy, was Galileo Galilei. He realized that the old way of looking at the world would have to go; and he knew how to begin constructing a new way. He did this by making physics mathematical. Some say that Galileo and Newton were the beginnings of the Scientific Revolution; for Isaac Newton was born a few months after the death of Galileo. Newton's ideas finally ensured the acceptability of the scientific approach. Another great innovator was Sir Francis Bacon, he developed the widely used scientific method. He proved many scientific truths by doing many experiments. These innovators and more made this revolution very important to everyone alive.
Ethical dilemmas are an evitable aspect of individuals work within the field of psychology as professional are constantly challenged and faced with decisions that places them in precarious positions as they function in their different roles with the clients they serve. An ethical dilemma is defined as “a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle” (https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/ethical_dilemma). Ethical dilemmas extend beyond professional obligations to situational contexts which places competing ethical principles at stake (Knapp, Gottlieb, & Handelsman, 2015). On the same note, ethical dilemmas may occur in response to professionals’
Dialogical ethics states that, “ethics can be judged by the attitude and behaviors demonstrated by each participant in a communication transaction” (Neher & Sandin, 2017, pg. 90). Our personal definition of what is ethical develops as we continue to create dialogue with others. Dialogue relies on the individuals in the conversing relationship to strive for openness in which they can fully understand the views, beliefs, and experiences of the other (Neher & Sandin, 2017, pg. 90). Each person in a dialogical exchange is treated equally, but they are also valued for their uniqueness (Neher & Sandin, 2017, pg. 90). However, Carl Rogers contribution to dialogical ethics and psychology will be the focus of this concept for this dilemma.
As Europe began to move out of the Renaissance, it brought with it many of the beliefs of that era. The continent now carried a questioning spirit and was eager for more to study and learn. Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, many discoveries were made in subjects all across the realm of science, but it was the doubting and testing of old traditions and authorities that truly made this time into a revolution. The Scientific Revolution challenged the authority of the past by changing the view of nature from a mysterious entity to a study of mathematics, looking to scientific research instead of the Church, and teaching that there was much knowledge of science left to be discovered.
Throughout the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, radical and controversial ideas were created in what would become a time period of great advances. The Scientific Revolution began with a spark of inspiration that spread a wild fire of ideas through Europe and America. The new radical ideas affected everything that had been established and proven through religious views. "The scientific revolution was more radical and innovative than any of the political revolutions of the seventeenth century."1 All of the advances that were made during this revolutionary time can be attributed to the founders of the Scientific Revolution.
The changes produced during the Scientific Revolution were not rapid but developed slowly and in an experimental way. Although its effects were highly influential, the forerunners Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, Francis Bacon, and Rene Descartes only had a few hundred followers. Each pioneered unique ideas that challenged the current views of human beingsí relationship with nature. With the backing of empirical observation and mathematical proof, these ideas slowly gained acceptance. As a result, the operation of society, along with prior grounds for faith were reconsidered. Their ideas promoted change and reform for humansí well-being on earth.
In this case, the psychologist is presented with several ethical issues which could cause harm to the client. The first ethical issue that arose in this case is the potential for a role conflict. The psychologist and Mr. Hartwig had contact prior to the development of a therapeutic relationship when the psychologist bought a car from Mr. Hartwig. It may not be enough that the brief, informal relationship ended. The psychologist must assess the dimensions of the previous relationship from the viewpoint of the client as well as his/her own personal feelings (Koocher & Keith-Spiegel, 2008). For example, the client could feel that he gave the psychologist a good deal and that the psychologist was indebted to him. This could leave the psychologist vulnerable to being manipulated by the client. Or, what if the car broke down? This could leave the psychologist feeling cheated and resulted in hostile feelings toward the client. The psychologist has an ethical responsibility to examine both relationships for role incompatibility prior to forming a therapeutic relationship. The psychologist seemed to be aware that there was the potential role conflict resulting from their initial meeting, and he acted ethically by attempting to refer Mr. Hartwig to a Psychology Registry.
Ethics is the discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad, right and wrong. We learn what is right and wrong during childhood, but moral development is a life-long procedure of human beings that pass through different phases of growth as they developed to adulthood. Without ethics, it will be very hard to regulate life and act reliably. A syllabus is essential because it tells you everything you need to know about how a course will run and what to expected. Mostly, it will include course policies, rules, and regulations. Individuals who have great ethic skills will have no problem following the syllabus rules.
The time period surrounding the 17th century was the beginning of an era of great scientific advancement in Europe that was known as the Scientific Revolution. It was during this phase that the use of reason and new advances in science resulted in paradigm shifts. Paradigm shifts are shifts in basic assumptions (paradigms) resulting from the discovery of new information that is no longer compatible with existing paradigms, forcing people to shift their mind frame to adapt to the new assumption ("Thomas S. Kuhn"). In this period, many scientists formulated new theories by developing procedures to test new ideas; one of these procedures was the Ba-conian Method. The creator of the Baconian method, Francis Bacon (1561 – 1626), sought to reform and improve the philosophy of science, and thought that logic should have three goals: to correct habits of mind and intellectual mistakes, to supplement correct intellectual habits and compensate for incorrect ones, and to be constructive in the organization of logic gained (Da-vid). In his attempts to reform science and fulfill these goals, Bacon created a paradigm shift from the use of deductive investigation methods, or basing conclusions on a general law, to the inductive Baconian method that based conclusions on factual evidence from observation or experimentation (Smith). Bacon created this shift firstly by pointing out the flaws in other sys-tems of investigation by strongly criticizing several other philosophical approaches to science. Secondly, Bacon attempted to root out corruption or confusion that he felt was caused by other philosophies by encouraging people to acknowledge and compensate for them. Finally, Bacon created a method to organize and interpret data that would help scien...
The Scientific Revolution marked the beginning of useful and accurate knowledge of the physical world. Old Aristotelian science began to diminish as scholars questioned old beliefs and proved new theories. They used mathematics, experimentation, and new technology to rediscover and describe the physical world in innovative ways. Matthews explains, “These early modern scientists and philosophers countered faith with reason, dogma with skepticism, and divine intervention with natural law. They accepted as true what could be proven mathematically and rejected as untrue those things that could not” (415). The world was beginning to view the universe and physics in a new and more accurate way due to the inquisitive and unrelenting scholars of the scientific revolution. Some of the great scholars to broaden the view of the universe by questioning longstanding beliefs were, Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, and Isaac Newton.