Estrogens are among the most important hormones in the female body, which pass through distant organs, interact with multiple organ systems, and play a pivotal role in the physiologic events that occur during a woman’s life. [1] Presence of endogenous hormones in the plasma poses challenges for the pharmacokinetic and bioanalytical considerations in terms of endogenous baseline levels, low plasma concentration, analytical range, and possible effect of circulating hormones. In order to quantify plasma concentrations of estrogens in clinical trials, it was necessary to develop and validate an assay with appropriate sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy and precision. [2]
OBJECTIVE:
The objective of the present study is to develop the more sensitive, rapid and simultaneous quantification of estrogen i.e. Estradiol (E2) and Estrone (E1) in human plasma.
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS:
1. Chemicals: The pure substances of Estradiol, Estrone were procured from the council of Europe, (Strasbourg, Cedex). Amlodipine besilyate (internal standard) procured from Sigma-Aldrich. Dansyl chloride wa...
“High levels of hormones can cause problems in the human body, but can hormones we ingest really alter our hormone level...
In 1960, the medical world of the United States was revolutionized by the introduction of The Pill. For the past forty years, The Pill has been the most popular form of reversible birth control. But beside the stellar contraceptive effectiveness rate ranging from 97-99.9% (when taken as directed), many other non-contraceptive benefits exist in conjunction with this method of birth control. Studies have proven that a women’s incidence of ovarian and endometrial cancers, benign cysts of the ovaries and breasts, and pelvic inflammatory disease, all decrease with pill use. Heavy bleeding and severe cramps are also minimized (www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/CONSUMER/CON00027.html). Recent claims state that birth control may also effectively treat some types of acne. Though, back in 1966, The Rocky Mountain Medical Journal published an article illustrating the effectiveness of estrogen-progestin combination in the treatment of stubborn acne, and maintaining that the cyclic administration of oral contraception is a useful measure for many women.
There has been conflicting research and advice about the safety of hormones with the increase in the aging female population within the last twenty years (National Institute on Aging). Hormone therapy has demonstrated to be the most effective FDA approved medication in the relief of menopausal symptoms, but these benefits must be weighed against serious adverse effects that hormones can cause. Although many women differ in their response to hormone products, MHT has been universally linked to an increased risk of heart disease, heart attack, blood clots, and strokes. Concerns about the findings discovered in the clinical and observation trials performed on MHT, have left some doctors and women hesitant in utilizing MHT to combat menopausal symptoms.
At the point when a women’s body quits creating estrogen, it can cause numerous awkward side effects. A few of the transient manifestations include; hot flashes, temperament changes, unpredictable periods, vaginal or urinary tract diseases, urinary incontinence, aggravation of the vagina, rest issue, or diminished sexual want (Cooper). There are likewise long-term manifestations in which a woman may persevere through, for example, an expanded danger of coronary illness and osteoporosis (Hempel, Md.). Even though these indications may appear to be awkward and appear just as they could disturb a women’s social, expert, and individual life there are options that a woman can use to ease these side effects. The one noteworthy choice for woman is Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT). HRT can be a positive alternative for women who need to experience this phase of their lives without enduring inconvenience; in any case, HRT can likewise cause some real medical
With advancements in medical science, it has now become possible to overcome any shortcomings, limitations or inconveniences concerning human health. Thanks to unconventional medical procedures, altering one’s innate characteristics, viz., gender, genetic makeup, physical appearances, etc., is not impossible anymore. One of the most significant advances of medical sciences is in the field of Hormonal Replacement Therapy (HRT). HRT is used to replace or replenish any hormone that the body is deficient in, or is not able to synthesize anymore. While the most common use of HRT is the replacement of the estrogen hormone in postmenopausal women, it has found use in many other clinical applications. Some of these include thyroid hormone replacement therapy in patients suffering from hypothyroidism and androgen replacement therapies in treating male hypogonadal disorders. HRT is a very vast and expansive subject. Through this paper, an attempt is made to discuss some hormonal replacement therapies, their uses and side effects.
Carol Proth explains the development of the high androgens levels by the “increased release of LH [leutenizing hormone] in relation to FSH [follicle stimulating hormone] release, with a resu...
Menopause naturally occurs in women at a median age of 51 years old due to deficiencies in hormones from ovarian loss of function.1 Some of the most common symptoms of menopause are vasomotor hot flashes and night sweats. The goal of therapy is symptom and quality of life improvement while minimizing side effects. As long as no contraindications are present, the recommended treatment for menopausal vasomotor hot flashes is hormone replacement therapy (HRT).1,2,3 Customized to patient’s symptoms, history of risk factors, and preferences, HRT may increase quality of life.2 However, there are some serious contraindications, possible increased risk for venous thromboembolism and breast cancer, and unclear risk areas concerning HRT along with public skepticism.1,3 Escitalopram(Lexapro ®) is another option studied for
Associating hormones with a certain gender can be a bit of a misnomer, as women also make testosterone, although in much smaller amounts. Likewise, the liver converts some of a man’s testosterone and fat tissue into estrogen.
A lot of evidence have linked breast cancer to the environmental chemicals. Since WWII, a great deal of endocrine disrupters (synthetic chemicals) have entered the environment, accumulated through the food chain, and finally accessed into human bodies (Brody et al.) . According to Gray et al., environmental chemicals are carcinogenic because they often interrupt hormone-regulated pathways, especially that of the estrogen, and thus cause negative genetic variations. Experiments carried out by Gray et al. indicate that breast tissue synthesize estrogen from local hormone (androgenic hormones) using aromatase, whose activity rate is abnormally higher in breast cancer tissue than that of normal breast tissue. Theoretically, “estrogen promotes the growth cancer cells in vivo” (Mitra et al); the fact that women are more likely to ...
Menopausal Hormone Replacement Therapy, once believed to ward off heart disease, osteoporosis, and cancer, while improving women’s quality of life, has now been confirmed to pose serious risks and increase the threat of developing various health conditions with long-term use. To many suffers of menopausal symptoms, the palliative benefits of hormone products outweigh the risks. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) currently advise women to use menopausal hormones conservatively for the shortest time and at the lowest dose possible to control symptoms. Concurrent studies governed by the FDA are in the works to determine the safety and effectiveness of alternatives in treatment of menopausal symptoms without hormone products. (USDHH)
In 1960, birth control was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for contraceptive use (Nikolchev). Since then, birth control pills have had a tremendous impact in the American culture. Women were now able to prevent unplanned pregnancy without the consent of their partners and eliminating the use of condoms and other dual consent birth control methods. Birth control pills contain two important hormones: estrogen and progesterone. Natural estrogen is a hormone that is produced in the ovaries and helps regulate the menstrual cycle (Rettner). According to Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Steven Goldstein, “progesterone is a hormone that stimulates and regulates important functions, playing a role in maintaining pregnancy, preparing the body for conception and regulating the menstrua...
Rapkin, Andrea J., Michelle McDonald, and Sharon A. Winer. "Ethinyl estradiol/drospirenone for the Treatment of the Emotional and Physical Symptoms of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder." Women's Health 3.4 (2007): 395-408. ProQuest. Web. 25 Feb. 2014.
Testosterone Hypogonadism (Testosterone Deficiency) - a. In men, hypogonadism is a condition in which the testes produce a less than normal amount of testosterone, the male hormone. When too little testosterone is present, men tend to experience a drop in sexual desire and performance. They may also experience depression, fatigue, loss of motivation, and osteoporosis. The size and strength of their muscles may diminish and their body hair may become sparse.
Breast Cancer is on the forefront of modern tumor research and scientists are continually seeking new ways to treat and prevent cancer progression. Current treatments using hormone-dependent drugs like Tamoxifen and Raloxifene focus on estrogen receptor inhibition in mammary and endometrial cell lines. The estrogen receptor is heavily targeted in breast cancer treatment because it is easy to inhibit has strong affinity for binding to many molecules mimicking the estrogen hormone - inducing cell proliferation in the breast and endometrium. Estrogen receptor drugs are known as selective-estrogen receptor modulators or SERMS, which are effective in estrogen-receptor positive (ER+) and hormone-estrogen receptor 2 positive (HER2+)
Some studies suggest that a potential origin is the primary female sex hormone, estrogen. It has neuro-protective and inflammatory-modulating effects on the brain. In ischemic brain injuries, gender related variances have been linked to this protective influence of estrogen; it was shown to improve post ischemic cerebral reperfusion and prevent dysfunction of the vascular endothelium.2, 6 However, gender differences in brain injury are exhibited even with a decline of the female sex steroid at menopause. Depending on the chromosomal content (XX or XY), there is nonconformity in some molecular mechanisms of cell survival and death. This suggests that there are hormone-independent pathways underlying the sexual dimorphism.