Background: Breast cancer is the second leading cause of death among women worldwide. Apart from the available procedures of diagnosis for breast cancer identification of an ideal biomarker may help in reducing the incidence of breast cancer. The study was aimed to estimate and compare the sialic acid levels in serum of breast cancer patients and healthy individuals to elucidate the importance of it as a potential biomarker in breast cancer.
Materials and Methods: The study was carried out from February 2012 to September 2012 in cancer block St.Anns general and cancer hospital, Kazipet, Warangal, India. A total of 80 members were enrolled in the study out of which 55 were breast cancer patients and 25 were healthy individuals from whom the required data and informed consent was obtained, and then serum was analyzed using diphenylamine method and spectrophotometry.
Results: Serum sialic acid levels of healthy subjects were compared with that of the breast cancer patients and a large difference was found which represents very higher serum sialic acid levels of breast cancer patients and very lower levels in healthy subjects in accordance with the normal range i.e., 15.4 mg/dl. Out of 55 breast cancer patients established breast cancer patients [32(60%)] have shown larger serum sialic acid values than newly diagnosed breast cancer patients [23(40%)]. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software and the P-value was found to be <0.0001 which is significant.
Conclusion: At present, as there is no single treatment known to bring a definite cure for breast cancer, one of the possible solutions for combating breast cancer is through identification of reliable biomarkers that can be effectively used for early detection, prognosis ...
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...ular functions, such as transport of positively charged compounds, cell-to-cell repulsion, influencing conformation of glycoproteins on cell membranes, and even masking antigenic determinants on receptor molecules. Sialic acid should be focused as a tumor marker from the perspective of aberrant glycosylation in cancer cell membranes resulting in activation of new glycosyl transferases that are characteristic of tumor cells, and the role played by sialic acid in tumor cell metastasis including increased capacity to adhere to vascular endothelium, and decreased capacity of cancer cells to be destroyed by host defense mechanisms. The high sensitivity of sialic acid as a tumor marker has been reported in a variety of cancerous conditions.Sialic acid is analyzed by a variety of assay methods like diphenylamine method, winzler method, periodate-thiobarbituric acid method.
The Anasazi civilization was a wonderment of there time. They were far ahead of any Indian civilization of that time era. They were cliff-dwelling people who where very knowledgeable in architecture, astronomy, and farming. They had built houses on the sides of cliffs that were more then 5 stories tall with plenty of space and even had religious meeting areas. They had a system for tracking the movement of the sun and the moon and also created a calendar that could track the summer and winter solstices and even the 19 year cycles of the moon. “..an astronomical refinement Europeans had not even achieved yet.” (Liberty Equality Power pg.31)
In May of 1804, two men set out on an important journey that would take them across the country and discover new land, but none of it would have been possible without the aid of one woman. The Lewis and Clark Expedition was planned by Thomas Jefferson, in order to explore the unknown in the newly purchased Louisiana Territory, and also to find a water route across the continent. Along the way the group of men met a quiet native, named Sacagawea, whose impact would later have a large effect on the success of their important journey.
Shyam’s idea of marriage is to keep a pretty wife, indulge in her wishful fancies and make her reliant on him. He does not want a confident woman as a wife. Radha and Shyam are mismatched in many ways and she feels suffocated in her marriage. She compares herself to the butterfly she wrapped up and stuck to a board as part of biology assignments in school and feels that her heart aches to fly somewhere departing from her husband. Shyam’s nature symbolizes the typical, Indian governing and trying to rule over every aspect of his wife’s life.
Throughout history, women have rarely been recognized for their contributions that have impacted the world. Sacagawea, a young native american girl, had a rough start in life by being kidnapped and sold at a young age. During the Lewis and Clark expedition, Sacagawea acted as both their guide and translator. Lewis and Clark were saved countless times with the use of Sacagawea’s knowledge and survival skills. Sacagawea was an important women in American History because without her the Lewis and Clark expedition would have failed.
Anzaldúa's main point in the essay “How to Tame a Wild Tongue” is that Language is important and part of who we are. People should not be forced to speak another langue or criticized for speaking their own language. Anzaldúa says “So if you want to hurt me, talk badly about my language. Ethnic identity is twin skin to linguistic identity - I am my language”. (pp.416) Language defines who we are. and when we are forced to change out language we are forced to change who we are.
Squanto Squanto is a Native American who lived in the early seventeenth century in what is now the Northeast United States. When the English came to this area of America to settle, they became very fond of Squanto and used him as a translator due to his unique knowledge of the English language acquired through an earlier voyage to Europe. Squanto helped the Pilgrims adapt to their new surroundings by providing them with the knowledge that he and his ancestors used to survive when they first settled in this area. He became known as a friend to the English and a spokesman for his Native friends (Johnson p.2). However, in helping the English, Squanto realized the power he had obtained through his position and used it for his own gain against the Native Americans.
Chemotherapy is the treatment of a tumor with chemical agents to reduce mass or eradicate a tumor completely. There are certain mechanisms by which chemotherapy inhibits cancer. The first mechanism is cell death by cytotoxicity. Some chemical agents in certain amounts are toxic to cells. The cells die due to the toxic...
Over the past decade breast cancer has become one of the most predominant diseases in the United States. Breast cancer starts out as a malignant tumor in the tissues of the breast which is formed from the uncontrolled growth of abnormal breast cells. Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, but it can also appear in men. (Stephan, 2010)
Asoka was one of the greatest rulers of ancient India. He was the grandson of Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha who established the first Indian empire. Chandragupta reigned for twenty-four years before relinquishing his throne in favor of his son, Bundusara (Asoka’s father), who left no noticeable mark upon the empire. Asoka was born in 304 B.C. and was known in his youth as Canda Asoka (the fierce Asoka) because of his aggressive nature.
In clinical practice today the population is increasing in the number of elderly patients, as is the occurrence of breast cancer in women 60 years of age and older. According to Tang et al. (2011) the occurrence of breast cancer in women 65 years old and older is greater than “400 cases per 100, 000 women” (p. 3). The appropriate treatment options for the elderly are not as standard as those for a younger generation related to the effects the aging process has on the body. Secondary conditions such as congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes mellitus (DM), Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), and the effects of treatment on functionality are also considered when deciding treatment as well as polypharmacy with the elderly patients. According to Jones, Leak, Muss (2012) treatment options of elderly breast cancer patients requires determine if cancer is the primary illness related to the existing co-illnesses impact on breast cancer and survival rate.
...ars to be the most promising agent in primary prevention of breast cancer. It changed the way prevention is perceived by biomedicalizing it. Prevention is seen as equivalent to risk reduction. Also, it is the only United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approved drug for reducing breast cancer risk in high-risk women. Promising as it may seem, the scope of primary prevention has been restricted to women at high risk of developing breast cancer because of inherent limitations of these strategies. Knowledge is power, “The lack of knowledge in the realm of breast cancer prevention makes for greater investment in chemoprevention”. Owing to failure of etiologic studies in breast cancer research to identify primary prevention strategies suitable for the general population, reducing mortality through early detection of breast cancer still remains the mainstay.
In the United States, starting from the first breast cancer case in 1930s to today, a woman's lifetime risk of breast cancer increases to one eighth (Gray et al.). Continuously increasing breast cancer rate has caused a lot of concerns among not only ordinary people but also scientists. For decades, scientists have been working on the causes of breast cancer in order to find the corresponding methods of treatment. However, only about 25% of the breast cancer cases got explained (Brody et al.); till today, heredity, lifetime exposure to environmental estrogen (the female sex hormone), and the dietary fat are the only major known causes (“Cover Story: Breast Cancer and Environment”). For the 75% unexplained breast cancers cases, scientists, through various of researches, have come up with several hypothetical breast cancer causes, in which synthetic chemicals and environmental radiations are the major ones.
Breast Cancer is defined as “a group of solid tumor malignancies arising in the tissues of the breast” (Sarah Crawford, Richard Alder, 2013) in human and other mammals. It can happen to both men and women. For women, breast cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer death. According to National Cancer Institute, in the United States, the 2014 estimated new cases and deaths of female from breast cancer are 232,670 and 40,000, respectively. For male, it’s 430 deaths out of 2,360 new cases. From these numbers, we can see that women in the U.S. are greatly affected by breast cancer, thus, it’s not difficult to imagine the impact on a worldwide level. Although these numbers look frightening, people can actually survive from breast cancer if it is detected early and treated properly, so it is extremely important for all of us, especially women, to have a better understanding of breast cancer.
A research was held for young and older women. Two drugs were administered to treat breast cancer. Epirubicin and gemcitabine are two chemotherapy drugs used on the patients. The research came back with astonishing results. The Young and older women had a positive reaction to the drugs. Dr. Feher’s research shows the drug to be safe enough for young women and the older generation to treat breast cancer (Dockter & Keene, 2009).
Also these can be used in early diagnosis of cancer by incorporating with genomic or proteomic marker.