Molecular Structure Lab Objective: For this experiment we took two different molecule and virtually dissected them finding everything about them including: bond length, bond angles, the charge on each atom, the non bonded distances between atoms and the energy difference between the highest and lowest molecular orbital. Procedure: The procedure is to use HyperChem Lite to get the information needed from each molecule. But explained in full on page 16 and 17 in the lab manual. Data: The following data was found about CH4 (methane). • The bond length from Carbon to all four Hydrogen atom was the same measurement that came to be about 1.113Å • Not only are the lengths between all the Hydrogen atoms to the Carbon atoms the same so are the angles between the hydrogen atoms, all coming out to be about 109.47°. • The non-bonded distances between all the parts of the molecule are 1.818Å. • The charge on the Carbon atom is -.143 • All of the hydrogen atoms have the same charge being .036 The following data was collected by HyperChem Lite for C2H5OH (ethanol). • All the distances between bonded Carbon and Hydrogen atoms were 1.115Å. • The distance of the bonded oxygen (3) to hydrogen (9) was .942Å. • The distance between bonded Carbon (1) to Oxygen (3) was 1.40Å. • Bond angle 5,1,4 was 109.8° • Bond angle 3,1,2 was 108.9° • Bond angle 6,2,8 was 107.9° • The smallest non-bonded distance was between atoms 9 (hydrogen) and 6 (hydrogen) it was 4.067Å. • The largest distance between two atoms was from 6 to 8 1.802Å. • The charge on the Carbon atoms were: Carbon 1=.466, and Carbon 2=-.076 • Hydrogen charges were as follows: Hydrogen’s 4,5=-.004, 6=.021, 7,8=.020, and the charge of hydrogen 9=.447 • And lastly the charge on the oxygen atom was -.891 Calculations: Formulas used in the lab… E = hv = hc/ 1 ev = 1.6022E-19 Joules E is the energy difference between the highest occupied and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (HOMO and LUMO). h = Plank’s constant = 6.63E-34 Js c = speed of light = 3.00E8 m/s formal charge = number of valence electrons – (# of unshared electrons + # of bonds) Volume of an ellipsoid is V = /6 (a + 1Å)(b+1Å)(c+1Å) = xÅ3 A,b,and c are the skeletal lengths of the molecule. CH4 E = (-15.51ev)-(-24.49ev) = 8.98ev = 1.44E-18 J = hc/E = (6.63E-34 Js)(3.00E8 m/s)/(1.44E-18 J) = 1.38E-7 m = 138nm The wavelength of CH4 is 138nm and this resides in the ultra-violet spectrum and is not visible to the naked eye. Formal charge of Carbon = 4-(0+4) = 0 Formal Charge of Hydrogen’s = 1-(0+1) = 0
It has a molar volume of 9.38 ×10-6 m3/mol. Molybdenum has an atomic weight of 95.94 amu. Its atomic number is 42. The atomic radius is 145 pm and the covalent radius is 145 pm also. Its electron configuration is [Kr]4d^5 5s^1.
After his early years came the Arnstadt period of his life, which was a period that lasted
Atoms are electrically neutral; the electrons that bear the negative charge are equal in number to the protons in the nucleus
She sees a man outside this car, and though she tries to show no interest, she goes outside to her driveway. The man attempts to lure Connie into taking a ride with him. Despite feeling scared and uncomfortable with the situation, she finds herself curious about the identity of this man. He reveals himself to be Arnold Friend and relays personal details about her life, but does not tell her how he knows this information. As their conversation progresses, Arnold begins to embody a predator, which causes Connie to feel paranoid. She runs inside her house and threatens to call the police, but in response, Arnold threatens to hurt Connie and her family if she does. This leaves Connie too frightened to call the police, and despite being she is scared, she gets into Arnold’s car and they drive off.
There is also C =O stretching at 1767 cm-1, which is a strong peak due to the large dipole created via the large difference in electronegativity of the carbon and the oxygen atom. An anhydride C-O resonates between 1000 and 1300 cm-1 it is a at least two bands. The peak is present in the 13C NMR at 1269 and 1299 cm-1
Joyce Carol Oates uses the description of the characters to reveal their purpose in the story and their affect on others. June portrays the family environment Connie lives in and the differences between her and Connie. This leads to Connie’s need for attention from others and acknowledgement of her beauty. She desires attention and to be an adult, but she is stuck in between childhood and adulthood with her daydreams about fanciful romance supplied by music. Arnold Friend causes Connie to confront reality and her struggle between childhood and adulthood. Oates is able to portray Connie’s move from childhood and fantasy to reality and adulthood through her willingly leaving with Arnold Friend – sacrificing herself for her family.
She is a fantastic inspiring role model.To twiggy showing confidence and pride in herself and by not giving up and making many things we use today a huge deal in the 60s shows that many things can be learned by
How are ionic and covalent bonding similar? How are they different? You should discuss how they bond and what the major differences are in their nomenclature (the way they are named).
In the journal of effects of parental separation and divorce on very young children they tell us about mayor effects on young children when facing divorce. It tells us that shared parenting is one of the major ones and it tells us the effect on the child specifically. In the Journal we also read that one of the effects of divorce is gaining a disobliged parent. After reading the journal we learn that psychological distress is also a factor of divorce that affects the child. Divorce diminishes parenting and it adds itself to another effect of divorce on a child. Of course when divorce comes in the picture there is an economic impact that comes into effect for the young child.
Divorce is becoming increasingly common among couples in today’s time. It is sad to know that most cases of divorce involve children. Divorce affects the parents but it affects the children much more. Divorce impacts kids greatly, often causing depression, rebellion, or inspiration/motivation, to develop and potentially end up a permanent aspect in their lives.
The belief that social welfare was only designed for the poor, shaped my way of thinking about social welfare policy. Tussing's article; however, made me aware that the United Stated welfare system is divided in two parts, public assistance and social insurance. As noted by Tussing (YEAR), public assistance programs are tremendously stigmatized because they serve the "poor," as for social insurance programs, stigma does not exist and does not affect "non-poor" people (p.50). To me, social insurances programs were not part of the U.S welfare system. Growing up, the term social welfare was mainly associated with cash assistance and Food Stamps, and social insurance as "earned benefits." Midgley and Tussing articles added knowledge of social welfare policy definition, social welfare models, and more importantly, a deep understanding of the social stigmatization on public assistance programs and social insurance
Ionic compounds, when in the solid state, can be described as ionic lattices whose shapes are dictated by the need to place oppositely charged ions close to each other and similarly charged ions as far apart as possible. Though there is some structural diversity in ionic compounds, covalent compounds present us with a world of structural possibilities. From simple linear molecules like H2 to complex chains of atoms like butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3), covalent molecules can take on many shapes. To help decide which shape a polyatomic molecule might prefer we will use Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion theory (VSEPR). VSEPR states that electrons like to stay as far away from one another as possible to provide the lowest energy (i.e. most stable) structure for any bonding arrangement. In this way, VSEPR is a powerful tool for predicting the geometries of covalent molecules.
The pka of x–h and the pkb of y–z is related directly with the energy of the hydrogen bond formed between them.
I see it as what could be Connie’s worst fear, “And Connie paid close attention herself, bathed in a glow of slow pulsed joy that seemed to sire mysteriously out of the music itself and lay languidly about the airless little room, breathed in and breathed out with each gentle rise and fall of her chest.” In this part I started to believe that Connie was having a dream, she started to describe what she was afraid of, and how her family wasn’t involved enough in her life to protect her from it. As well, her innocence demonstrated to what she believes is the evil, a monster cover up as a man. We can also appreciate the love that Connie has for her family, even though they didn’t have the best relationship she preferred to give herself to protect them. “She thought for the first time in her life that it was nothing that was hers, that belonged to her, but just a pounding, living thing inside this body that wasn’t really hers either.” meaning that she gives herself to “Arnold