.: Contents :.
I. INTRO
- About
II. ENCRYPTING
- Containers
- Drives
- Files
APPENDIX
.: I. INTRO :.
[-=] About [=-]
This is a quick rundown on how to encrypt files, containers, and drives under
Linux. The use of loopback encrypted filesystems and openssl is explained and examples are given. This paper should have you encrypting in no time. The following commands were done running kernel 2.6.9.
.: ENCRYPTING :.
I'll outline how to create encrypted containers and drives using the loopback filesystem support and file encryption via openssl.
[-=] Containers [=-]
This is essentially creating a filesystem within a file and mounting it as a device. Containers vastly decrease the tedious task of individually encrypting files since you simply move your files into the mount point and then unmount and they nicely encrypted.
First, you need to create a blank file using the dd command.
dd if=/dev/urandom of=crypto.img bs=1M count=50
- The first parameter uses the /dev/urandom device to create the file with random data to make it more difficult to distinguish between free space and encrypted data. The /dev/zero device can be used but is not advised.
- The second parameter of=crypto.img defines the name to be given to the file and this can be changed to suit your preference.
- The third parameter bs=1M instructs the dd command to create the file in
1MB blocks. I recommend you leave this value as 1M
- The final parameter defines the size of the file in relation to the bs parameter. Since bs=1M and count=50 the file will be 50MB hence changing the count value to 100 would yield a 100MB file and so on. It is worth mentioning that the file can be resized once created this will be explained in the appendix.
Second, the file must be associated to a loop device and encrypted.
losetup -e aes256 /dev/loop0 crypto.img
- The parameter -e aes256 at the beginning instructs losetup on which cipher to use. The cipher type is dependent on what your kernel supports.
In this example the AES 256 bit cipher is used but you can use other cipher types such as blowfish interchangeably.
- The second parameter /dev/loop0 is the device to which we bind the file too. Binding the file will allow us to format the file with filesystem.
- The final pa...
... middle of paper ...
...utputs at password.txt.enc. (This is a rather redundant explanation but oh well)
Now to decrypt a file.
openssl enc -d -aes-256-cbc -in password.txt.enc -out password.txt
- The enc -d -aes-256-cbc part of the command specifies which cipher to use for decryption.
- The -in password.txt parameter specifies which file to decrypt.
- The final parameter instructs openssl to output the decryption into a file. This parameter can omitted and the file will be decrypted to stdout. .: APPENDIX :.
[-=] Resizing containers [=-]
If you formatted your container with the ext2 filesystem you can resize it with the ext2resize app.
First, increase the size of the container. In this example the file acting as the encrypted container is called crypto.img and its size is incremented by
20MB.
dd if=/dev/urandom bs=1M count=20 >> crypto.img
- The of= parameter is omitted and instead >> is used at the end of the command to append 20MB to the crypto.img file.
Second, bind the file to a loop device.
losetup -e aes256 /dev/loop0 crypto.img
Third, extend the ext2 filesystem within the container.
ext2resize /dev/loop0
That is all thats needed to resize your encrypted container.
As a result of several recent mass shootings, gun control has become a popular topic. Gun control refers to the laws, background checks, and more protections against mentally ill individuals purchasing firearms. Some of the population believes that gun control should be strengthened, while the others are against it. There have been many situations in which firearms were used to harm innocent people, but gun control is not the solution to the problem we face as a nation.
Witnessing the death of Lupito demonstrates that Antonio’s impeccability is tarnished, but he is filled with new knowledge. On a dark night when Antonio secretly follows his father to the bridge, he describes the scene; “He looked up at me and his face was bathed in water and flowing, hot blood … The men were already running to the end of the bridge to come down and claim the man whose dead hands dug into the soft, wet sand in front of me” (Anaya 22). Witnessing a death at such a young age is very hard to take in, and Antonio is traumatized by what he has seen. Antonio realizes that he is no longer exempt from the punishments he could receive for sinning. He tries to understand the world through religion; however he is unsuccess...
Asymmetric Encryption is used to protect the data while in movement. Asymmetric Encryption is also known as Public Key Encryption. It uses two related keys, a public key and a private key which is not shared with anyone. This pair of keys are developed by mathematical methods which can be solved in one direction. So anyone can encode a data using the public key but only the user with a private key can decode that specific data. The length of Asymmetric Key Encryption is normally 1024 or 2048 bits. However, in Asymmetric framework the keys with smaller than 2048bits are considered as not safe to use.
In essence, Antonio shows that he is unsure if he truly believes in his religion because of his acceptance of other beliefs, the new ideas that he learns, and the deaths of Narciso and Lupito. Antonio’s experiences lead him to believe that he is in charge of his destiny and he has the ability to choose what he wants, not what his parents want. In the end, Antonio determines his religious values based on what he believes in, so he tells himself to “[t]ake the Ilano and the river valley, the moon and the sea, God and the golden carp and make something new” (247). Antonio’s encounters with religion represent those who follow their religion but are not content with it. All in all, the story suggests that sometimes people want to learn other ideas to discover what fits them best.
Antonio “could not understand why Narciso…had lost his life; and why Tenorio…was free and unpunished” (Anaya 91). After seeing the death of a close family friend, Antonio lost more of innocence. Now he begins to question God on why Tenorio, an evil man who took the life of another, walks free. He questions the justness of his God, and if he is truly worth believing in. As he return the school the following year, Antonio “seemed older, and yet the lives of all [his] schoolmates seemed unchanged” (Anaya 194). This dramatic change in Antonio’s life adds to the growth of his character by introducing him to the depravity of the world, demonstrating the injustice of life, which creates even more questions in the curious and doubting (in religion)
(1.2.361-364). Exactly.
Fr om the articles in the modules that I have read in class these authors explain the
Despite the fact that it would be incredibly dangerous for him to go there, he is willing to if it means he is able to be by the side of his friend: “I have many enemies in Orsino’s court, / Else would I very shortly see thee there. / But, come what may, I do adore thee so / That danger shall seem sport, and I will go.” (Act 2, Scene 1, 38-41). Sacrificing his safety for that of Sebastian reveals how strongly Antonio truly loves Sebastian. When loving someone, it is instinct to protect them when they are in danger. For example, Antonio comes to “Sebastian’s” rescue when he is being challenged by men of Illyrya. “Put up your sword. If this young gentleman / Have done offence, I take the fault on me. / If you offend him, I for him defy you.” (Act 3, Scene 4, Li 281-283). Despite the danger Antonio was putting himself into, he still came to his friends rescue. He is willing to take the blame for the crimes that “Sebastian” has committed if that means that his valued companion will be safe. As humans it is expected that one would want to protect him or herself over the people around them. But when one is in love all logic is thrown out the window and he is willing to do anything to be with and protect the people whom
“ In 2010 the amount of digital information created and replicated worldwide was nearly 1,203 exabytes, (an exabyte is billion gigabytes or 1018 bytes)” IDC [1]
would normally be more than ten times larger than they are as MP3s. This is because MP3s
According to Ting-Toomey, S., Yee-Jung, K. K., Shapiro, R. B., Garcia, W., Wright, T. J., & Oetzel, J. G. (2000) explained:
The play revolves around Bassanio's love for Portia. Bassanio needs money to play the suitor to Portia in "style". His friend who loves him, Antonio, agrees to give him the money, but, because all of his money is invested in his merchant ships he must take a loan from the greedy Jew Shylock. Shylock loans him the money in exchange for a pound of his flesh if he does not pay the loan back on time. Bassanio wins Portia's hand, but, before they are joined together, Portia will disguise herself in order to win the freedom of Antonio when his ships meet with ruin and he cannot repay Shylock. Shylock ends up losing half his wealth and must convert before Portia is through with him. Antonio is a fascinating character study when it comes to psychology because he is such a sad but noble character. He is world-weary and life's material things do not bring him joy. He is also confused about his sadness. As he says in the opening speech of the play, "In sooth, I know not why I an so sad:/It wearies me; you say it wearies you;/But how I caught it, found it, or came by it,/What stuff 'tis made of, whereof it is born, I am to learn;/And such a want-wit sadness makes of me/That I have much ado to know myself" (Shakespeare 203).
In the beginning of the play, The Merchant of Venice, Antonio is willing to sacrifice his credit to ensure Bassanio’s happiness. Antonio knows that