I. INTRODUCTION Ethernet Latency can be defined as the time it takes for a network packet to get to a destination or the time it takes to come back from its destination. It also impacts the time an application must wait for data to arrive at its destination [1]. This is as important as download speed because a network with high latency (a slow network) will take a longer time to pass information about and this can have a negative effect as web pages will take longer to load as each request for the next picture, script or text has a significant delay in between [2]. Latency in a packet-switched network is stated as either one-way latency or Round-Trip Time (RTT). One-way latency is the time required to send a packet from the source to the destination or the RTT divided by two (RTT/2) which means the one-way latency from the source to the destination plus the one-way latency from the destination back to the source divided by two (RTT/2) [1]. Latency also refers to any of several kinds of delays typically incurred in processing of network data. Systems with low latency do not only need to be able to get a message from A to B as quickly as possible but also to be able to do this for millions of messages per second. End-to-end latency is a cumulative effect of the individual latencies along the end-to-end network path. Network routers are the devices that create the most latency of any device on the end-to-end path. These network devices (routers) are usually found in network segments. Packet queuing due to link congestion is most often the reason for large amounts of latency through a router. Since Latency is cumulative, the more links and router hops there are in between the sender and receiver, the larger the end-to-end latency... ... middle of paper ... ...it for data to arrive at its destination, and is normally expressed in milliseconds (ms). Although Latency and Bandwidth define the Speed and Capacity of a network but having a 25 Mbps (Megabits per second) connection does not really allow a single bit of data to travel that distance any faster. However, a large bandwidth connection only allows you to send or receive more data in parallel but not faster as the data still needs to travel the distance and experience the normal delay [8]. IV. THE IMPACT OF LATENCY Applications with programming models that are susceptible to performance degradation due to Latency include the following: • Applications that depend on the frequent delivery of one-at-a-time transactions, as opposed to the transfer of large quantities of data. • Applications that track or process real-time data, such as “low latency” applications [2].
... access to what and in which sequence. The router connects the LAN to other networks, which could be the Internet or another corporate network so that the LAN can exchange information with networks external to it. The most common LAN operating systems are Windows, Linux, and Novell. Each of these network operating systems supports TCP/IP as their default networking protocol. Ethernet is the dominant LAN standard at the physical network level, specifying the physical medium to carry signals between computers, access control rules, and a standardized set of bits used to carry data over the system. Originally, Ethernet supported a data transfer rate of 10 megabits per second (Mbps). Newer versions, such as Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet, support data transfer rates of 100 Mbps and 1 gigabits per second (Gbps), respectively, and are used in network backbones.
In this lab, we used Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) which is a connection oriented protocol, to demonstrate congestion control algorithms. As the name itself describes, these algorithms are used to avoid network congestion. The algorithms were implemented in three different scenarios i.e. No Drop Scenario, Drop_Fast Scenario and Drop_NoFast Scenario.
Starvation can occur in systems where the selection of victims is based primarily on cost factors, that is, there is a high possibility that the same transaction is always picked as a victim. The downside to this is that this transaction may never get to complete its designated task, leading to the issue of starvation. Therefore, mechanisms must be put in place to ensure that transaction can be picked as a victim only a (small) finite number of times. Including the number of rollbacks in the cost factor is a common strategy used to deal with the issue.
Technological developments and improvements have allowed for businesses to communicate information faster and better by the use of email, live chats, and video teleconferencing. These enhancements allow for a faster flow of information in which a business can easily distribute and receive responses in real-time from its customers. It helps employees to function more efficiently by using software programs such as word processing, spreadsheet tools, statistical analysis software and computer aided design programs. With the growth of the internet and social media, businesses expose its products to a larger customer base. Others advances such as inventory management software are able to track and fill orders, and replace stock when the volume fails a pre-determined quantity at much faster rates. Digital storage of documents and information on servers and multi-media storage
Some software systems have a relatively short lifetime (many web-based systems), others have a lifetime of tens of years (large command and control systems). Some systems have to be delivered quickly if they are to be useful. The techniques used to develop short-lifetime, rapid delivery systems (e.g. use of scripting languages, prototyping, etc.) are inappropriate for long-lifetime systems which require techniques that allow for long-term support such as design modelling.
End to end delay = transmission delay of all the 3 links + propagation delays of all the 3 links + switch process delay
Parsons, June J. and Oja, Dan. Computer Concepts 8th Edition. United States: Course Technology, 2006.
Sending data through the internet efficiently has always posed many problems. The two major technologies used, Ethernet and Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM), have done an admirable job of porting data, voice and video from one point to another. However, they both fall short in differing areas; neither has been able to present the "complete" package to become the single, dominant player in the internet market. They both have dominant areas they cover. Ethernet has dominated the LAN side, while ATM covers the WAN (backbone). This paper will compare the two technologies and determine which has a hand-up in the data trafficking world.
Over the years, computer science kept evolving; leading to the emergence of what has become a standard in modern software development: Multitasking. Whether logical or physical, it has become a requirement for today's programs. In order to make it possible it became necessary to establish the notion of concurrency and scheduling. In this essay, concurrency will be discussed as well as two types of scheduling; pre-emptive used in threads and cooperative used in agents, their similarities and differences.
The low latency technology infrastructure on the other hand is a must for high frequency trading. This infrastructure is designed to minimize response times, including its proximity and co-location services which thus improves the execution speed (Cisco, 2014) Therefore, computers play an very important role in replacing slow humans in the trading decisions.
receiving money by means of computers in an easy, secure and fast way using an account-based system. This can be
Velocity: velocity refers to the speed of generation of data or how fast data is generated and processed to meet their objectives. The flow of data is massive and continuous.
Asynchronous Transmission: The asynchronous signaling methods use only 1 signal. The receiver uses changes on that signal to figure out the rate and timing of the transmitter, and then synchronizes a clock to the proper timing with the transmission rate. A pulse from the local clock indicates when another bit is ready. Asynchronous transmission is a slower but less expensive and effective for low-speed data communication.
It simplifies the storage and processing of large amounts of data, eases the deployment and operation of large-scale global products and services, and automates much of the administration of large-scale clusters of computers.
...ng an acceptable form of transaction.Governments need to be more transparent to the public.A lot of ‘under table’ transaction take place in the most basic everyday services(passport,license, tax).Such services has the capability to go online reducing the red tape as money is only used via online transaction.