Moment loads are divided into two categories such as bending moment and torsion moment. The stresses due to the moments can be illustrated as in the following figure 3.11; Figure 3.11 Stresses due to moments [3] As in the illustrated figure 3.11 the stress distribution is linear and highest at the outer surface of the pipe. The highest stresses due to the bending can be written as; by bz M y Z M z Z (Eq 3.41) [3] (Eq 3.42) [3] Where; Z (r 4 r 4 ) (Eq 3.43) [3] 4ro The resultant bending stress will be; 2 2 1 2 2 b by bz Z M y M z (Eq 3.44) [3] The bending stress due to the torsion moment Mx is uniformly distributed along the circumferential direction and maximum at the outer surface of the pipe. The …show more content…
• Modal analysis To find natural frequencies and mode shapes of the pipe, it is necessary to do a modal analysis. Various elastic piping components such as pipes, bends, tees, flanges and etc are part of a piping system and also the piping system is having uneven mass distribution because of size changes, different fittings and other various rigid components. Therefore once the system is displaced from static equilibrium, its components starts to oscillate at different mode shapes and starts to vibrate at associated frequencies. It is vital to find the natural frequency of the piping system in order to determine the dynamic load factors (DLF) and also to determine the pipe support span to avoid harmful vibrations. It is necessary to do the modal analysis before the other dynamic analysis since these are using the natural frequencies of the system obtained from the modal analysis. When a piping system is properly supported in according to the standards, the lowest natural frequency should not less than 4 or 5 Hz. • Harmonic
The results collected during this investigation were as follows: 68.4 dB for the 10 cm pipe, 69.8 dB for the 20 cm pipe, 79 dB for the 30 cm pipe, 84.2 dB for the 40 cm pipe, and 84.2 dB for the 50 cm pipe. The hypothesis states: if the length of the PVC pipes were to increase and the frequency used in this experiment remained the same, then the sound produced from the pipe will have a lower amplitude each time. According
A connecting rod subjected to an axial load F may buckle with x-axis as neutral axis in the plane of motion of the connecting rod, {or} y-axis is a neutral axis. The connecting rod is considered like both ends hinged for buckling about x axis and both ends fixed for buckling about y-axis. A connecting rod should be equally strong in buckling about either axis [8].
tension of the system. Their orientation at the interface varies, depending on the components of
...uch as yoga, meditation, and deep breathing activate the body’s relaxation response, a state of restfulness that is the opposite of the stress response.
The term stress has been defined in various ways as many factors contribute to the incline of a
Question: Discuss the importance of Relief Valves in the unit operations in detail, and give the design criteria/ parameters/ models available equations in the literature. Support your work by giving a typical example from the literature.
Mechanical Engineering 130.2 (2008): 6 - 7. Academic Search Complete. Web. The Web. The Web.
Due to the different types of connections there are between all the cables, they experience a lot of tension. These are the two major loads which act on a suspension bridge and for a more visual representation of the loads, a diagram is shown below. Examples of Suspension Bridges Famous suspension bridges include, the Brooklyn Bridge, and the Golden Gate Bridge. Both bridges are beautiful designs of the suspension, and really exemplify the qualities of
As a result, the pressure between two curved surfaces should be infinite for both of these two cases, which will cause immediate yielding of both surfaces. However, a small contact area is being created through elastic deformation in reality, thereby limiting the stresses considerable. These contact stresses are called Hertz contact stresses, which was first studies by Hertz in 1881. The Hertz contact stress usually refers to the stress close to the area of contact between two spheres of different radii.
contains for stresses; there is a strong caesura in the middle of the lines and
This chart shows the relationship between the fanning friction factor and the Reynolds number over a wide range of flow rates, from which the roughness parameter (e/D) for the piping system can be estimated.
Elasticity is one of the most important theories in economics and it is a measure of responsiveness (Baker, 2006)i. There are mainly two types of elasticity, the elasticity of demand which includes price elasticity of demand, income elasticity of demand, and cross elasticity of demand as well as elasticity of supply (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009)ii. The degree to which a demand or supply curve reacts to a change in price is the curve's elasticity (Lingham, 2009)iii. Elasticity varies among products because some products may be more essential to the consumer.
The specimen must be regularly shaped in the form of a wire; its diameter. should be measured at six different points. Variables and Controls:. The variables that I will be using are the length and diameter of the
At the point when metallic working materials are bowed in icy condition (underneath their recrystallization temperature), at initial a flexible shape modification happens, which is supplanted by a pliable shape adjustment from find out degree on. In the event that the reshaping limit is keep running down, the work piece breaks. Bowing is an essential stride during the time spent assembling mechanical pipes and tubing, which serve an imperative part in both development and the transportation of materials. Most bowed pipes and tubes work as auxiliary parts or as "way" units that encourage the exchange of