The forth step in water treatment is a disinfection. During this stage, disinfectants will be added to kill or inactivate microorganisms that can cause disease in humans. The research on the water sample shows presence of protozoa that cause diseases such as Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Naegleria fowleri (Nemerow, Agardy, Sullivan, & Salvato, 2009). Some protozoa and viruses, which may present in water supplies are extremely harmful. There are two kinds of disinfection which is primary disinfection and secondary disinfection. Primary disinfection functioning in killing or inactivation of microorganism in the desired level while secondary disinfection maintains a disinfectant effectiveness that prevent from the microorganisms grow again. Disinfection treatment methods include chlorination, ozone and ultraviolet light. Chlorination is the most common method of disinfection used to treat water for municipal and individual supplies. It is because chlorination method is easy to conduct and cheapest compare to other method. In municipal supply systems, chlorine is used basically in three forms which are chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite solution and solid calcium hypochlorite (Cheremisinoff, 1995). Chlorine is very effective for removing almost all microbial pathogens and is appropriate as both a primary and secondary disinfectant. Unfortunately, this method will produce water in which the chlorine can be smelt and tasted by users which most of them find it unpleasant. Binnie and Kimber (2009) stated that the problem can be overcome by dechlorination process after sufficient time for disinfection process. The water will be added with sulfur dioxide or sodium sulfate which reduces the chlorine to chloride (Binnie & Kimber, ...
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3. Binnie, C. & Kimber, M. (2009). Basic water treatment (4th ed.). London, UK: Thomas Telford Limited.
4. Lajeunesse, A., Blais, M., Benoit, B., Sauve, S., & Gagnon, C. (2013). Ozone oxidation of antidepressants in wastewater – Treatment evaluation and characterization of new by-product by LC-QToFMS. Chemistry Central Journal, 7(15).
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Disinfection is applied in water as well as wastewater treatment as a finishing step so as to destroy pathogens but the cause of concern regarding the disinfection process is the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Natural organic matter (NOM) in water has been considered as the predominant DBP precursors. Disinfectants are powerful oxidants that oxidize the organic matter present in water forming DBPs. Chlorine, ozone, chlorine dioxide, and chloramines are the most common disinfectants used nowadays and each produces its own suite of chemical DBPs in finished drinking water (Richardson, 2003). DBPs so formed pose a threat to human health because of their potential to cause cancer and reproductive/developmental effects. Most developed nations have regulated concentration of DBPs so as to minimize exposure to potentially harmful DBPs while maintaining adequate disinfection and control of targeted
Clorox and Lysol are the most commonly used disinfectants in the country. Disinfectants are used to kill bacteria which are microorganisms that grow rapidly and that can be found everywhere. Bacteria cannot be seen with the naked eyes but they are present, on your phone, desk, computer, even in the air, and they can also lead to diseases such as cholera. Some people prefer Clorox over Lysol to clean with. These two disinfectants had been tested to find out which one is the most effective at killing bacteria. Clorox is often said to be the best due to containing an active ingredient known as sodium hypochlorite which contains antibacterial activity. To test this hypothesis, a table was sprayed in three different sections, one with Clorox, one
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
Ozone (O3) is generated on-site at water treatment facilities by passing dry oxygen or air through a system of high-voltage electrodes. Ozone is one of the strongest oxidants and disinfectants available. Its high reactivity and low solubility, however, make it difficult to
It’s no mystery that having clean water is a fundamental element to living in a prosperous society and one of the few things essential for human survival. Water not only sustains our health, but is required in making everything from electronics to clothes. Clean water may seem as ordinary as putting on your shoes, but it’s a daily party of our life that’s being threatened.
Due to the Water Pollution Control Act of 1970, there are stringent standards that need to be considered when depositing wastewater from the process. It was not possible to show the path that the wastewater would take after leaving the system, however, the pollution standards were considered. The water that was produced in the reaction were present in streams with other components such as CO2, butadiene, and maleic anhydride. Due to this exposure, the separated water will be sent to a waste water treatment plant where it will undergo many steps to ensure that the pollutants have been properly removed (Plant Design Book
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
Clean water is needed for good human and animal health, but as DoSomething.org states, over 1 billion people worldwide don’t have a means of getting clean drinking water, an...
Hennigan, Robert D. "Water Pollution." Oxford University Press 19.11 (1969): 976-78. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
Safe water and sanitation as a basic human right, household water treatment, rainwater harvesting ... and reports from Kyoto, Madagascar, Uzbekistan, Guinea and other countries around the world.
People from many developing countries are suffering from the scarcity of clean water, while the rest of the country simply take for granted. Habitants of rural poor communities such as Sub-Saharan Africa, are living in a water stressed environment. Residents of these communities have to walk miles at time just to gather water from streams and ponds, even though the water source may contain water-borne disease that can make them very sick. In the rural places that don’t have access to safe clean water, it is very difficult to prevent the spread of viruses. The consumption of contaminated water can be dangerous for health reasons and several people have passed away from these water-borne diseases. Some of these diseases include Cholera, Typhoid, Dysentery, Giardiasis, and Malaria. These unfortunate diseases are currently the cause of numerous deaths, especially in small children. The availability of clean water can prevent many problems in low income communities. The available resources for clean water are very rare, so these water sources need to pass through a process of water sanitation in order to just be sustainable to drink, “The world’s surface is made up of approximately 80% water, which is an indestructible substance. Of this water approximately 97% is salt water, 2% frozen in glaciers, and only 1% is available for drinking water supply using traditional treatment methods” (Thornton). Therefore, properly treated or disinfected
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment processes and also the need to reduce the environmental factors make the use of tertiary wastewater treatment important.
Water and Waste Management Engineering addresses water and waste water treatment, surface and ground water pollution and control, solid and hazardous waste management, contaminant transport and behaviour in the environment. Support areas involving aquatic chemistry, computer modeling, simulation and laboratory experimentation as examples are also stressed.
Water plays such an important role in our daily lives. 70% of our body is composed of water. 70% of the earth surface is also made up of water, but out of the 70%, only 1/3 of water is consumable. In fact, this amount has been continuously to decrease as more and more industries began to pollute and damage the water. For example, many toxic chemicals may be released into the water thus making the water impure. Such pollutions and damages lead the water to be contaminated and inconsumable as it may cause severe diseases. Water purification can remove all the unnecessary bacteria and viruses from the water that is hazardous for our health. Water purification may also improve the flavor and appearance of water. It removes the unpleasant odor. Therefore, water purification became one of the most useful and popular process used by people all over the world today. It is by far the most recommended and safest water treatment that is commonly used to purify damaged water into consumable water. Water purification provides us with safe, pure and clean water to consume and use.
Indira, K., and Romit, S. n.d. Drinking water quality in rural India: Issues and approaches. http://www.waterawards.in/suggested-reading/wateraid-drinking-water-quality.pdf (accessed November 10, 2010).