Vitamin D deficiency has become a key factor in predicting cardiovascular risk factors such as metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and obesity. It is also a predictive factor of inflammation and fibrosis. All the key elements required for vitamin D function and metabolism e.g. vitamin D receptor and the two enzymes 1-alpha-hydroxylase and 24-hydroxylase are also present in the heart. Vitamin D could be involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease by exerting regulatory roles in vascular inflammation, proliferation and calcification, renin-angiotensin aldosterone system, myocardial fibrosis and cardiomyocyte proliferation. The effect of the sunshine vitamin on myocytes could reinforce its role as an important preventive or therapeutic agent. Results of studies indicate that vitamin D can improve myocytes differentiation alongside with decreasing cell proliferation which is one of the main elements contributing to plaque formation.
Another pathway involved in both morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease is fibrosis. Collagen isoforms ( as biomarkers of fibrosis) are reduced in mesenchymal cells after confronting with vitamin D. Moreover, presence of vitamin D can induce antifibrotic agents.
Arterial calcification (categorized into intimal and medial calcification) is another complication causing cardiovascular disease. Due to anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D , it can inhibit various aspects of intimal and medial calcification. There are several factors influencing the process of(please write the whole of abbreviation here) VSMC calcification; core binding alpha-I (cbfaI) which turns a mesenchyme cell into an osteoblast, bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2 ) which accelerates the calcific...
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...survivors of myocardial infarction, number of damaged arteries is correlated with vitamin D binding protein. Vitamin D deficiency is correlated with high prevalence of double or triple vessel CAD and lower brachial artery flow-mediated dilations. Animal studies, including two studies conducted on atherosclerotic monkeys support the reverse association between concentrations of VDRA with plaque size and thickness. This association was not observed in monkeys with low VDR and high 25(OH)D3.
A number of studies were unable to approve the role of vitamin D on atherosclerosis, CAD or IHD. The Multi-Ethnic study of Atherosclerosis after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, vitamin D status did not significantly affect arterial stiffness but PTH>65 pg/ml was associated with arterial stiffness. This association was not significant after adjustment for blood pressure.
Her findings from this research was praised as she concluded that small supplementary feeding with fruits, milk and wheat germ improved the growth of school children. She also found out that the over dosage of Vitamin D produced brittle bones and calcification of soft tissues. If that wasn’t enough, she continued her extensive research and showed that pantothenic acid is essential for normal pigmentation of hair and skin. Lastly she was intelligent enough to prove that the bone density of woman decreased between 50 and 65 years of
Papas, E., & Cluxton, R. J. (2011). Vitamin D: beneficial for pain, fracture, and falls in long-term care residents?. Annals of long term care, 19(5), 33-36.
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the most common type of multifactorial chronic heart disease. It is a consequence of plaque buildup in coronary arteries. The arterial blood vessels, which begin out smooth and elastic become narrow and rigid, curtailing blood flow resulting in deprived of oxygen and nutrients to the heart [1].
Did you know tobacco and alcohol use cause over 475,000 deaths in the U.S. annually? To assist young people in avoiding these harmful behaviors, the D.A.R.E. program enhances the knowledge and awareness of the hazards regarding dangerous substances throughout a ten week program. The acronym D.A.R.E. stands for drugs, abuse, resistance, and education. D.A.R.E. ensures the safety of adolescents in various situations and instills beneficial strategies, techniques, and tips to aid young people in making responsible decisions.
Coronary heart disease is defined by the hardening of the epicardial coronary arteries. The buildup of plaque in the arteries slowly narrows the coronary artery lumen. In order to better understand the physiology of the disease, it is important to first know the basic anatomy of the human heart. The aorta, located in the superior region of the heart, branches off into two main coronary blood vessels, otherwise known as arteries. The arteries are located on the left and right side of the heart and span its surface. They subsequently branch off into smaller arteries which supply oxygen-rich blood to the entire heart (Texas Heart Institute, 2013). Therefore, the narrowing of these arteries due to plaque buildup significantly impairs blood flow throughout the heart.
Cardiovascular Disease is defined by the American Heart Association as “Heart and blood vessel disease”. Atherosclerosis of the arteries, can lead to hypertension, heart failure, arrhythmias, heart valve problems, myocardial infarctions or a stroke (AHA, 2016). In this paper, all of heart and vessel diseases aforementioned, will be considered cardiovascular disease (CVD). According to
Coronary heart disease came in the public eye in the mid-20th century as a disease of pandemic magnitudes and it continues to be a major cause of death in the western world. The fundamental cause of coronary heart disease is Atherosclerosis. The term “atherosclerosis” is the combination of two Greek words which correctly imply the elements of the lesion. The first being “athero” the greek work for gruel which parallels to the necrotic core at the base plaque formation, and “sclerosis” from the Greek word hardening, corresponding to the fibrous cap on the outer layer of the plaque. (Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Plaque : Strategies for Diagnosis and Management, 1, 2)
Since ancient times vitamin D has been the predominant cause of bone deficiencies.1 However, it was not in till the seventeenth century when both Dr. Daniel Whistler and Professor Francis Glisson made the first scientific description of a vitamin D deficiency.2 During the mid-seventeenth century there was an increase amount of children that were diagnosed with the bone disease called rickets.2 The cause of the rickets was determined to be associated to the lack of sunlight. A German researcher Kurt Huldschinsky came to the conclusion that when infants were exposed to ultraviolet light rays they became cured of rickets2. He stated that a substance in the skin was the potential source of the cure.2 In 1922, American scientist Elmer McCollum proved that when cod liver oil was heated; the beneficial effects of vitamin A in the oil were reduced.2 However, the oil remained effective in curing rickets leading McCollum to reason that a nutrient different from vitamin A was present in the oil. As a result, he named this nutrient vitamin D, which became the fourth vitamin to be discovered and named.2 Additionally, shortly after 1918, vitamin D was also discovered by an accidental experiment that included a group of scientists curing dogs affected with rickets by feeding cod liver oil to them.1
...but the new Roche vitamin D total assay that we used has demonstrated strong correlation with HPLC/MS and established radioimmunoassay techniques.[27] Due to our study design, we are unable to show a temporal relationship between vitamin D deficiency and stroke events. However, studies elsewhere have frequently found that vitamin D is associated with stroke, and may indeed predict stroke.[12] Ongoing studies elsewhere are investigating the role of vitamin D replacement on non communicable diseases including cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease and cancer.[18]
Exploration recommends that vitamin D could assume a part in the anticipation and medicine of various diverse conditions, including type1 and sort 2 diabetes, hypertension, glucose prejudice, and numerous scleroses.
Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that plays an important role in DNA synthesis and nerve function. It is contained in high amounts in animal derived foods such as milk, eggs, and meat. The vitamin is stored in the liver long-term. Individuals with vegetarian, vegan, or other forms of restricted diet may develop the condition after approximately 6 months as liver stores of vitamin B12 become depleted. Some individuals develop the condition due to autoimmune destruction of cells in the stomach that produce intrinsic factor. Intrinsic factor is necessary for proper absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine.
The term energy drinks refers to beverages that contain caffeine in combination with other ingredients such as guarana and other vitamins and minerals. In other words, energy drinks can be defined as a soft drink containing a high percentage of sugar, caffeine, or another stimulant, typically consumed during or after sporting activity or as a way of overcoming tiredness. Energy drinks are highly sweetened, caffeinated beverages that are packaged in brightly colored, slim line containers. They are sold virtually everywhere. At first, energy drinks were sold as a medicinal tonic drink and they have some benefits if person take it in limit. There are various negative effects of energy
Vitamin E is the general classification for a group of eight fat-soluble compounds of tocopherols and tocotrienols. Vitamin E functions primarily as an antioxidant, but also has other roles in the body [1].
Doheney, Kathleen. “Low Vitamin D Linked to Poor Diabetes Control.” webmd.com. WebMD, 21 July 2010. Web. 23 November 2011.
The main risk of atherosclerosis is that it greatly increases the probability of blood clots forming in arteries. Should such clots occur in the carotid or coronary arteries, they can result in strokes or myocardial infarctions, which can be fatal2. This paper seeks to analyze how physical principles can be used to elucidate the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and its effects on the human body.