The background of this article gives information that is necessary to understand the experiment. The shape of the pelvic girdle is an appropriate predictor of both phylogeny and movement in terrestrial vertebrates. However, in marine vertebrates, the gravitational forces typically applied to terrestrial pelvic girdles are not there and therefore have little impact on the shape of the girdle. Pelvic girdles of fish are generally not attached to the vertebrae and primarily are used as a place for muscles to attach and supporting of the fins. The authors discuss how in many cases the pelvic girdle could be removed and not result in any complications. However, there are some marine vertebrates that are capable of bottom walking on the ocean floor with their fins. In batoids, the pelvic fins are used for walking, which is when pelvic fins move in an alternating fashion, or punting, when both pelvic fins move at the same time. There is also augmented punting; this is when the vertebrate uses both the pectoral fins and the pelvic fins to generate more thrust, this action decreases the forces on the pelvic fins during a punt. While this locomotion would …show more content…
They found that their groupings of similar shaped pelvic girdles fell into the correct category, except at the family level.
The results from the experiments supported the hypothesis that the batoid pelvic girdle shape correlated with the type of locomotion. They found that the form of locomotion utilized by the batoid had a greater determining factor on the shape of the pelvic girdle compared to the phylogeny. An important discovery of this experiment showed that the shape of the pelvic girdle of a batoid can be used to predict the swimming and punting mode, and the order to which the vertebrate
Study done from the available fossils show that the body of Liopleurodon was very streamlined and adapted to swimming. Its body had four limbs which were paddle-like in shape. These paddle shaped limbs acted like propellers which made it
Seahorses are a prime example of species whose atypical biology and unusual global distribution leads to a series of evolutionary questions. Seahorses (genus Hippocampus) are a marine species that have extensively been studied because of their abnormal behaviors in the marine environment compared to other marine creatures. Many of the seahorse species have large ranges, both longitudinally (over a great horizontal distance across the ocean), and latitudinal (great vertical distance within the ocean), regardless of the fact that they are characterized as weak swimmers and lack any large structural fins for efficient swimming (Lourie et al., 1999a). Although they do have these large range environments, seahorses
Sarai Michel English 9HP, Period 4 When I was six years old, my parents took me to SeaWorld for the first time. I remember clearly watching the Shamu show and sitting in the splash zone, ending up soaked in water by the end. But I also distinctly remember wondering how an animal so big and beautiful could ever be happy in such a small tank, so far away from home. The animals could never possibly experience the joy they would have out in the wild where they belonged.
Although the Hippocampus spp. are placed into the same class as other organisms more traditionally viewed as fish, their morphology bears distinct differences in comparison to other bony fish. The various species belonging under the genus Hippocampus range in maximum size from 20 mm to 300 mm(Foster 8). Their physical appearance is distinct from other members of its class due to their "horse-like head, monkey-like tail, and kangaroo-like pouch."( Lourie et al 12) Morphologically, seahorses do not have scales like traditional fish, but rather posses bony plates covered by skin. The appearance of bony extrusions and skin ...
There are many different ways to show off your equines skill and ability and competitions are one of them. For years humans have been entering their equines in competitions to show off their grace, beauty, and strength. There's an abundance of competitions to show off your equestrian and each require a different type of training, horse, and skills. Three of the more popular competitions are rodeos, dressage, and show jumping. These competitons can include either speed, agility, skill, or even all three at one time!
As time progressed, Ichthyosaurs transitioned their body like features from a lizard-shaped body plan to a fish-shaped one through the early and middle Triassic periods. In 1927, the first bone fragments were foun...
For thousands of years scientist have been performing vivisections on animals to find information on new chemicals, drugs, and vaccines. Vivisection is when scientist perform dissections among living animals mostly for the purpose of educating and retrieving information. Experimenting on animals has become the tool that has helped us comprehend the body functions of an animal and how a disease transforms the bodily functions, but over the years it’s caused animal rights activists to question the usefulness and the sincerity of using animals for this purpose. Although animal research has been helpful in the past, it is morally wrong in the sense that experimenting on animals is not the only way to collect information. There are other alternatives
Would you like to try a dog limb with the salad? These are the exact word that I heard from the Korean air hostess when I was first traveling to the USA. I still remember she passed me a wrong serving plate. This incident really affects me a lot because I had never seen meat before in my life. It makes me think about how the meat industry is widely spread and how it is regulated by the governmental agencies. Factory farming is a system of rearing livestock using intensive methods by which poultry, pigs, or cattle are confined indoors under strictly controlled conditions. Today, factory farming dominates the U.S food production to fulfill the excessive demand of the peoples. Most of the factory farms are run by the giant corporations and their
Everyone has a family member, friend, or beloved pet so sick you were not sure if they would live or die, and you find out about a new surgery procedure or medicine available to save them. Have you ever wondered where these new surgery procedures or medicines come from? When you think about all the major medical advancements over the last few decades and beyond, it has depended on animal research. As research moves into the future, we need to understand how the body works and how diseases progress. We need to find ways to treat, cure, or prevent disease and disability. The use of animal research is providing us with new technologies and medicines, which are benefiting both humans and animals in treating and extending lives.
You wake up in the hospital, look around, and find a doctor hovering nearby declaring that you have just suffered through a heart attack; affirming that if not for your dog, you would have died. You remember back to earlier that day: sitting on the couch, feeling a little off, hearing your dog barking, sensing him nudging you, going to the phone to call the ambulance, and having your dog by your side until you were safe inside the aluminum walls of the emergency vehicle. Although it sounds abnormal that a dog would be the one to save someone’s life, situations similar to the one above are not uncommon. Dogs and other household pets have been shown to be able to detect medical emergencies, including heart attacks and seizures, in their owners.
There are tremendous amount of debates that go on in this world on a daily basis. One of the most talked about debates of the century is that of animal rights and experimentations. This debate, also known in the animal rights community as vivisection, is one of the most difficult to understand. Individuals have numerous different outlooks on animals. Many individuals look upon animals as companions while others see animals as an object of advancing medical techniques. No matter what ones perception is of animals, the fact remains that animals are being exploited by research facilities and cosmetics companies all throughout the world. In spite of the fact that humans frequently benefit from successful animal experimentations, the pain, and occasionally death that often occurs is not worth the human benefit. Hence, animals should not be the use of research.
Animal cruelty is an issue that gets plenty of attention in the U.S. From all the commercials to the donation hotlines and tee shirts everyone in the states knows that it is a relevant issue, but what about testing on animals? It’s not as relevant or discussed as other forms of cruelty, but the truth is we kill thousands of innocent animals all for the hope that maybe a wrinkle or two may disappear. This is horribly insensitive and cruel and I really can’t believe that we could do this to such innocent and loving creatures. We have to accept that animals are not ours. Cosmetic testing on animals is not only cruel but illegal in several countries; innocent animals are constantly losing their lives for our vanity.
Humans domesticated dire wolves Canis lupus as early as 26,000 years ago. The real question here is why wolves. If you really think about it there are other animals out there that seem to be a much better choice for humans to utilize as hunter companions. Take the chimpanzee for instance it has hands and pose able thumbs. Seems like a chimp would make a great companion we could even teach it to use tools to aid itself in the adventures we send it on. Instead we chose to domesticate a vicious wolf that you know was not a easy venture. I think a chimp would have been a much easier task to do however we chose the wolf you ever wonder why? Well in my research I found it was a pretty easy decision but it was its shear ability to work well with
This essay discusses the evolution of amphibians. Amphibians are classified into three orders (anura, caudata and apoda) and are in the superclass tetrapoda (Kolesova, et el, 2007). The Apoda is comprised of organisms with no legs, and these organisms normally live in barrows. Tretrapods are comprised of vertebrates with four limbs; and examples of tetrapods are reptiles and amphibians (Kolesova, et el, 2007). Tetrapods were the earliest vertebrates to be able to walk on land and that was during the Devonian period about 360-370 million years ago (Kolesova, et el, 2007). Before the existence of amphibians almost all vertebrates lived in water (Kolesova, et el, 2007).
People in life have different responsibilities and different rankings. The President of the United States is treated equal with the Vice President while an elementary school teacher will not be treated with the same equality.People treat their animals this way. They treat the animals equally threw food and water and shelter, but they pamper some more then others, they have favorite’s, people do this all the time. All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others.