In 1833, Tsar Nicholas I embraced an ideological triad of nationalism proposed by the Minister of Education in Russia, Sergey Uvarov. Nicholas, successfully suppressing the Decemberists and assuming the throne, was elated as the conditions were now set for the invention of Official Nationalism. It was an idea that would penetrate every aspect of Russian society during the nineteenth century and beyond. This "Russification" however, was not purely invented through isolated developments. Official Nationalism itself did not occur in the vacuum of Russia's intelligentsia, but rather grew out of a stream of reactionary thoughts left in the wake of previous European conflicts. Uvarov, an influential force behind this new national endeavor, states …show more content…
It was the rulers of Russia who were at the pinnacle of the empire's top-down administration, and so it was fitting that these rulers took credit for the accomplishments of the nation. Famous period journalist Mikhail Pogodin, also a supporter of the national movement, asserted that the nation owed its greatness to the Romanovs, particularly Peter the Great. The reasoning behind this was that Peter the Great had turned Russia into an enlightened, and civilized, world power. Without him, the Russians could have never hoped to achieve advancements comparable to their European …show more content…
In a way, this reflected a sort of Rankean approach, which placed individuals of authority, foremost the emperor and his officials, in the seat of ultimate precedence; sacrifices for tsar and country were fervently supported by the circular logic of Uvarov's formula. What could be more important than the dynasty that transformed Russia into a modern civilization? Pogodin would argue that it was Peter the Great, and his contributions to Russia, that made Napoleon's defeat possible. This praise was passed onto his lineage. Embedded in the ideology of Official Nationalism, it was a suitable rationalization of Nicholas' claim to absolute authority. Loyalty to the tsar, the autocratic component of Uvarov's formula, was the very premise of the tsar's national
I believe that there was so much attention given to Peter the Great because of his extensive reforms. Peter brought both social and economic changes to his country. He wanted to make Russia big. Peter transformed the culture; he wanted his people to wear the western European fashion. Many of the people were not thrilled with the change because they did not like the ways of the western European societies. He made his navy stronger, he reformed his army to meet the western standards, and he gained control over the church.
In conclusion, though the goals and outcomes were different in many ways, Louis XIV and Peter the Great both sought to do great things. Louis XIV died unpopular in his country, having had the spotlight on him for years in Europe. He hadn’t made the huge leaps that he had hoped as far as land goes, but he had made small gains of land, and had gained the crown for his grandson, Phillip V of Spain. He also built fortresses around the country and reshaped the French economy. Peter the Great succeeded in modernizing and westernizing Russia. By his death, Russia was considered much more of a leading state in Europe than ever before. He modernized the army, created a navy, and succeeded in centralizing the government.
“Nationalism(n.) - loyalty or devotion to a nation, especially an attitude, feeling, or belief characterize by a sense of national consciousness” (The War of 1812 and the Rise of Nationalism 1). Nationalism was a crucial part of America’s success during the War of 1812; nationalism was reflected in the post-war period through increased national pride, emphasis on national issues, increase in power and scope of the national government, and a growing sense of American identity (The War of 1812 and the Rise of Nationalism 1). The first to arise which was the driving force behind American victories against the British was nationalism. This nationalism was expressed in four ways; patriotism, political, economical and cultural. American patriotism
The Romanov Empire had reign the Russian Empire for about 300 years before Nicholas II became the monarch. Unfortunately, the new Tsar of Russia was also advised by Konstantin Pobedonostsev, who promoted autocracy, condemned elections, representation and democracy, the jury system, the press, free education, charities, and social reforms; an outdated ideology by the turn of the twentieth century. Although Nicholas II possessed some skills that would have been advantageous as the leader but, overall he was not suitable to be the Tsar of Russia. Even though Czar Nicholas II implemented limited reform that were beneficial for the empire; there were more fiascos during his reign thus lies the collapse of the Romanov Empire on his political skill,
Peter I and Catherine II provided Russia with both successes and failures, advancements and setbacks. The Russian tsars were very much involved in each area of political, social,
Peter the Great, was, as his name implies, “great”. He made many accomplishments during his lifetime including expanding Russia’s land, heightening their military, and improving the Russian’s ways of life overall. He assisted with most of the reform in Russia, helped them defeat other countries, and formulated one of the strongest armies in Europe.
Russian society before Peter’s rule was in a problematic situation because, their army was failing as well as their economy. When Peter the Great came to rule Russia, he used absolutism as a way to increase his country and his own power. During his reign, Peter was building a strong army, expanding his territory and Westernizing Russia. In an effort to Westernize Russia, Peter adapted new ideas from Europe. As a result, Peter had an overall positive impact on Russia.
Nicholas 2's firm and obstinant belief of his commitment to autocracy can be clearly seen in a letter of reply he sent to a liberal zemstvo head before his coronation. "I shall maintain the principal of autocracy just as firmly and unflinchingly as it was preserved by my unforgettable dead father (Alexandra 3)"(Nicholas & Alexandra, Robert K. Massie). His ultra-conservative political outlook was influenced greatly when a child Tsar Nicholas was educated by the reactionary tutor Konstantin Pobenonstev, enemy of all reform. If there were any doubts about Nicholas' belief in autocracy they would have been put to rest. Pobenonstev was once called "The Highest Priest of Social Stagnation". He once declared, "Among the falsest of political principles is the principle of sovereignty of the people".
Having more than one ruler governing over a nation has strengthened many nations over the course of history. Absolutism kept from the nation becoming stronger because of the power going to one specific leaders head. Peter the Great did make great changes for Russia, while focusing on scientific and technological advancements. He also made industry and commerce increased bringing population to the country. However, even with his good intentions, he began to rule unfairly by not sharing
Nationalism has a long history although most scholarly research on Nationalism only began in the mid-twentieth century. Some scholars point to the French Revolution of 1789 as the birth of Nationalism. The French Revolution is seen...
Nationalism is way of thinking both political and socially to create a community united by: history, ethnicity, religions, common culture, and language. Numerous effects occurred while establishing a Nationalist community, some effects were a long term impact on Nationalism, and other was short term impacts on Nationalism.
Nationalism is a type of ism, which is associated with the French and German. It all started in the later 19th century. The people were starting to become more aware of the heritage and identities as being part of a nation. Stravinsky is a composer of nationalism. In following the genre he composed folk songs based on national understanding and pride.
Peter the Great, the Russian Czar, inherited his absolutist power from his brother, Ivan V. Born in aristocracy, Peter’s dad was the Czar, and later his brother, and after his brother’s death, him. He was a firm believer in the possible benefits from the control of a single leader to make decisions for the people, and he exercised this divine right to create many renouned institutions. At the beginning of Peter’s reign, Russia was in a poor condition: many rejected modernization from the Renaissance, and large spending from his brother’s reign caused economic droughts. He took advantage of his absolutist power to help ameliorate Russia’s situation and first decided to minimalize power from the other aristocrats. The subduction of the rich allowed
Peter the Great knew that the countries that were leading the world were those to the west, so he did everything he could to “Westernize” Russia. The first thing Peter did to westernize his country was to go out and bring back the technology and culture from the surrounding countries ("History of St. Petersburg, Russia: Peter the Great (short biography)"). He ended up bringing back many workers to aid in improving Russia’s technology. Peter then learned about construction and c...
Nationalism is the idea that a people who have much in common, such as language, culture and geographic proximity ought to organize in such a way that it creates a stable and enduring state. Nationalism is tied to patriotism, and it is the driving force behind the identity of a culture. Nationalism had many effects in Europe from 1815, The Congress of Vienna and beyond. In the following essay I will describe many of the consequences of nationalism on European identity, as well as some of the conflicts that it created.