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Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
Pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus
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Pathophysiology – Diabetes is a chronic disorder of metabolism characterized by a partial or complete deficiency of the hormone insulin. With this, there are metabolic adjustments that occur everywhere in the body. Specific to this child is Type One Diabetes. This is characterized by demolition of the pancreatic beta cells, which produce insulin. Because of this, it leads to complete insulin deficiency. Within Type One diabetes, there are two different forms. First there is immune-mediated deficiency, which typically results from an autoimmune destruction of the beta cells. The second type is called idiopathic type one, in which the cause is unknown. (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015)
Etiology (also includes cause, incidence, prevalence) When
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However, in the US, the risk of development is higher among African and Hispanic children. Within this, 50% of the children will develop diabetes. When looking at Type I, the typical onset of age for this is usually around 4 to 6 years old and again around 10 to 14 years of age. When looking at incidence, Type I diabetes in 20 year olds has increases by 23% between the years 2003 and 2009. . (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015)
Common Symptoms (following your interview, place an * by those your child reported or you observed and ** by school health plan/Section 504 plan) When looking at the common signs and symptoms of the disease, we understand that the symptoms are more readily recognizable in children than in adults. In Type I, we typically see a variety of symptoms shown by the child. Common symptoms within the Type I disease are typically related to the child’s low blood sugar. When this happens the child experiences, in most case, abdominal pain**, weight loss, thirst**, nausea, blurry eyes**, sweaty**, dry skin, and fatigue**. (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015)
Diagnostic testing done/ continued testing/procedures (following your interview, place an * by those your child
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Typically, an 8-hour fasting glucose s taken to diagnose diabetes. If the blood sugar is 126 or more and is accompanied by classic signs of diabetes, then diabetes is indicated. . (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015) Unable to remember the diagnostic study from when LF was diagnosed, they were able to tell me the continued testing that they do currently. Child gets her blood sugar** checked continuously throughout the day and sometimes in the middle of the night in order to prevent of catch highs and lows. Every three months, the child goes to see her pediatrician in Peoria that specializes in Diabetes and gets labs** drawn. Other than that, the family noted no other testing or procedures done regarding the child’s Type I diabetes.
Common Treatment (following your interview, place an * by those your child experienced) Common treatment for Type I is insulin dosing. The goal of this treatment therapy is to maintain near-normal blood glucose values. Insulin is usually given two or more times a day by injection or is delivered via insulin pump** as needed. . (Wong, Hockenberry, Wilson, 2015) Child receives Novolog** via her insulin pump as
Type 1 diabetes mellitus also known as juvenile diabetes is a serious condition in which the pancreas produces a small amount or no insulin at all. Insulin is a hormone the body needs to transfer sugar into cells to create energy. This disease is most common in children, but can occur in adults around their late 30’s to early 40’s. Unlike patients with type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes patients are not usually overweight.
Type 1 diabetes develops when the beta-cells are killed off by the immune system. This is because an inflammation is caused which the immune system fights off, ultimately destroying all/majority of beta cells. The role of the beta cells is to produce insulin within the pancreas. The beta cells are signalled when to release insulin’s to certain parts of the body. A person with type 1 diabetes is likely to have lost 70-80%1 of their beta-cells mass which is why they must manually inject insulin into themselves to maintain a healthy blood glucose level. When the blood glucose level falls (hypoglycaemia) you begin to lose energy.
According WebMD 2014. Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that affects your body's ability to use the energy found in food. There are three major types of diabetes. Type 1 diabetes mellitus, type 2 diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes. It is a hormonal disorder of the pancreas either decrease in insulin level also known as hypoinsulinism or increase in insulin level also known as hyperinsulinism. Lowered amounts, insufficient of, or ineffective use of insulin leads to the disorder of diabetes mellitus. It is common chronic disease requiring lifelong behavioral and lifestyle changes. According to Peakman (2012). The development of type 1 diabetes mellitus is a genetic and an autoimmune process that results in destruction of the beta cells of the pancreas, leading to absolute insulin deficiency. There is usually a pre-diabetic phase where autoimmunity has already developed but with no clinically apparent insulin dependency. Insulin autoantibodies can be detected in genetically predisposed individuals as early as 6-12 months of age. In persons genetically susceptible to type 1 diabetes, a triggering event, possibly a viral infection the leads to production of autoantibodies that kill the beta cells and results in decline and a lack of insulin secretion. According to Wherrett. It is caused by impaired insulin secretion and insulin resistance and has a gradual onset. Those with type 2 diabetes may eventually need insulin treatment. Gestational diabetes mellitus is glucose intolerance during pregnancy in a woman not previously diagnosed with diabetes, this may occur if placental hormones counteract insulin, causing insulin intolerance. Complications in diabetes mellitus includes: Hypoglycemia it is ca...
Type 1 Diabetes formerly called juvenile onset diabetes occurs typically before the age of 20, but now at any age anyone can be diagnosed with type 1. Individuals with type 1 diabetes are usually thin, go to the bathroom a lot to urinate, and are always hungry. The cause of Type 1 Diabetes is that the pancreas, which is the organ that secretes insulin, is destroyed by auto antibodies, which is why people with Type 1 Diabetes always need insulin, either to be injected or through an insulin pump. When glucose cannot enter the cells, it builds up in the blood causing the body's cells to starve to death. People with type 1 diabetes mus...
The focus for finding an immunological cure for diabetes mellitus type 1 should be directed to prevent maturation or cause inactivation of autoreactive T cells to halt the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells. Inactivation of the autoreactive T cells can be accomplished in two ways. First, antigen presenting cells, such as dendritic cells, that present auto antigens can be modified to prevent maturation or expression of co-stimulatory receptor. Secondly, the T cell can remain in the naïve state or be inactivated after activation by an antigen presenting cell. Diabetes mellitus, commonly known as diabetes, is categorized into type 1, insulin dependent, and type 2, insulin resistant, and the focus will be on the former. Type 1diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disease occurring when insulin-producing beta cells are destroyed by autoreactive CD8 T cells.1 Beta cells are endocrine cells that only secrete insulin and are found in the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. When the first clinical symptoms of diabetes are apparent in a patient, 80% of the beta cells have already been destroyed.1When large amounts of beta cells are destroyed, it only leaves a fraction of insulin left for the body to utilize, which is often not enough to support function. Type 1 diabetes affects an estimated 30 million people worldwide.1 There is no cure for type 1 diabetes and someone with this disease would need to monitor their blood glucose levels and manually give themselves insulin injections to regulate those levels. However, using insulin injections is not a cure.
So how do you manage Type 1 diabetes? Type 1 diabetes can be managed with insulin injections multiple times a day and checking blood sugar levels at various times of the day. Although lifestyle choices aren’t known to cause Type 1 diabetes, your choice may help reduce the impact of diabetes-related complications. 12
Diabetes is becoming an epidemic. In fact, in 10 years many experts believe that people who suffer from diabetic is going to double. Kids who are as young as 8 years old are now borderline type 2 diabetics.
Type 1 Diabetes can account for five to ten percent of diagnosed cases of diabetes, although it is the leading cause of diabetes in children of all ages. Usually Type 1 Diabetes affects children under the age of ten years old (Overview, 1). Each year more than 13,000 yo...
Type 1 diabetes has a genetic onset that often occurs in adolescence (Porth, 2005). It is an autoimmune disease in which the insulin-producing beta cells within the liver are destroyed (Dorman, 1993). This causes a deficiency in insulin secretion, which ultimately leads to high blood glucose levels, also referred to as hyperglycemia (Guthrie & Guthrie, 2004). The mechanism for insulin deficiency leading to hyperglycemia is described in more detail in the following section and in Figure 1.
Type 1 diabetes, is an incurable but treatable disease which can occur at any age but is mostly found in children due to the high levels of glucose in the blood (Eckman 2011). Juvenile diabetes affects about 1 in every 400-600 children and more than 13,000 are diagnosed yearly (Couch 2008). Type 1 Diabetes means your blood glucose, or blood sugar, is too high. With Type 1 diabetes, your pancreas does not make insulin. Insulin is a hormone, which helps glucose gets into your cells to provide energy. Without insulin, too much glucose stays in your blood. Over time, high blood glucose can lead to serious problems with your heart, eyes, kidneys, nerves, gums and teeth (American Diabetes Association). Previous research has suggested proper insulin management, a balanced diet and exercise will help maintain glycemic control and lessen the chance of complications (Couch 2008).
When children have Type 1 diabetes they have to make sure their blood sugar isn’t too high or too low before they eat something and throughout the day so they do not go in to a diabetic coma from too much sugar and carbs or fainting from lack of sugar. As children turn in to teenagers it becomes more and more important to keep on top of their blood sugar. “The early teenage years are an important and vulnerable transitional period for diabetes disease care, because deterioration in treatment adherence and health outcomes (e.g., metabolic control) is common.” (The Journal Of Collaborative Family Healthcare, 29(4)). To make giving insulin a little easier to children and you adults they started this thing called Insulin Pump Therapy. Insulin pump therapy in the form of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion. (Insulin Therapy with Personal Insulin Pumps and Early Angiopathy in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Mediators Of Inflammation, 1-7.). Insulin Pump Therapy is considered to be one of the most optimal methods of insulin administration since it imitates the pancreatic activity in the best possible way. (Insulin Therapy with Personal Insulin Pumps and Early Angiopathy in Children with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. Mediators Of Inflammation,
Diabetes Mellitus is a disease in which the pancreas produces little or no insulin. Insulin is a hormone that helps the body’s tissues absorb glucose which is sugar, so it can be used as a source of energy. Glucose levels build up in the blood and urine which causes excessive urination, thirst, hunger, and problems with fat and protein metabolism in a diabetic person. Diabetes is very common in the United States; it is the seventh leading cause of all deaths. Women have been diagnosed with diabetes more than men. There are two forms of diabetes, Type one and Type two diabetes. Type one diabetes is when the body does not produce insulin or produces it in very small quantities. This usually occurs in younger people under twenty years of age, mostly around puberty. Type two diabetes is when the body’s balance between insulin production and the ability of cells to use insulin doesn’t work properly. This is more common than type one; about 90-95% people in the United States have it. There are no cures for diabetes now but there are many researchers investigating factors through new technologies to cure them. Meanwhile, technological advancements are being made to keep glucose at a good level for diabetes.
represents most of diabetes cases. It most often occurs in adulthood. But teenagers and young
Type 1 diabetes is often diagnosed in childhood and it is not associated with excess body weight. It is associated with an abnormal ketone levels at diagnosis. Anyone who have a family member who has a type 1 diabetes then that person has a higher chance of getting this, or it can be passed on from genetics. Type 1 diabetes can happen in any age, but it usually occurs in children between 4 and 7 years old or between 10 and 14 years old. Type 1 diabetes can affect heart, blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys.
In our society today, the number of people diagnosed with diabetes is increasing. Diabetes is caused by many factors, like genetics, inactivity, and obesity. With obesity on the rise in our country, so is diabetes, especially in young children. With the fattening and unhealthy foods provided by fast food chains and grocery stores, children are the ones that diabetes affects the most, causing them to have higher chances of being diagnosed with diabetes. According to Kim and Lee (2008), the rates of childhood obesity have tripled over the past three decades.