Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the parasite, is not very common in the United States but is very common in Africa. Trypanosoma brucei is a disease that kills many people throughout Africa. Though we may not have it here it still affects people, in this paper we are going to look at the different ways T. brucei will infect people, the life cycle, the pathophysiology, the epidemiology, the signs and symptoms of the host, and last the different medicines that cure T. brucei. Trypanosoma brucei is a very serious illness and we will look how T. brucei turns into the West African trypanosomiasis and different ways to prevent getting infected by the parasite. The Africa sleeping sickness is another major thing I will be talking about, and the different
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The way this disease is diagnosed is through the laboratory methods. The diagnosis is found on by looking at fluid or tissues by microscopy. T. b. rhodesiense is much more intense than T. b. gambiense, therefore you can find T. b. rhodesiense faster and easier, because its takes over more of the body than T. b. gambiense does. You can find T. b. rhodesiense in the blood, lymph node fluid or fluid, or a biopsy of chancre. As for T. b. gambiense you cannot find it in the blood easily, therefor is harder to diagnose. After diagnosis all patients with African sleeping sickness must have their cerebrospinal fluid examined to make sure there CNS is not in any danger because of the parasitic …show more content…
There are a few treatments for the Africa sleeping sickness, which can get rid of the parasitic disease. One of the treatment is Antitrypanosomal is indicated for all persons diagnosed with African trypanosomiasis. The parasitic disease comes in stages, and with different stages come different treatment. In the first and second stage of the disease Pentamidline, will be fused into the body 2 hours, this is with T. b. gambiense. With T. b. rhodesiense the cure in the first couple stages, you would be injected Suramin/. The only thing with these medicines are they have a lot of adverse reactions such as injection of site pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting. The third stage of both is treated with Eflorithine, which is given in four daily infusions for fourteen days. The adverse effects are much more intense, which include bone marrow suppression, gastrointestinal symptoms, and seizures. For pregnant people you have to be careful, because you can hurt the fetus in embryo if you take a lot of Eflorithine. Doctors will often use this as a last resort because it may cause a lot or harm or even death to it (Resources for Health Professionals, 2013, para
Treatment: Chemotherapy is on treatment method. Most infected people benefit from the treatments. To of the best drugs for treatment are Praziquantel and Oxamniquine. The side effects are mild and transient, some of then are as followed:
over time in order to offer a correct diagnosis, because the various symptoms must be present in
...m protect their families from this disease.A blood test can distinguish Tay-Sachs carriers from non-carriers. Blood samples can be analyzed by either an enzyme test or DNA studies. The enzyme test is a biochemical test that measures the level of Hex-A in a person's blood. Carriers have less Hex-A in their body fluid and cells than non-carriers, but babies with Tay-Sachs disease have a complete absence of Hex-A in their cells. The biochemical test is able to detect all Tay-Sachs carriers of all ethnic backgrounds.
Several tests may be performed on patients to determine the cause of lymphatic damage and elephantiasis. A definitive diagnosis of lymphatic filariasis is done through the identification of the microfilariae in blood. Samples of blood are taken at night. Other test used for diagnosis is immunodiagnostic test; it can identify the cause of the symptoms based on the detection of antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti. This test is highly specific and sensitive, blood samples do not have to be taken at night (Seppa
There are a number of symptoms associated with quick detection of malaria they are, being irritable, troubled sleep, poor appetite and drowsiness. Soon after people infected usua...
This disease, often referred to as lockjaw, is a very serious illness. It is found on almost anything, but is not a common illness. This is because the disease must be transported to the lower layers of the skin and must be sealed there to incubate and grow. Tetanus causes the muscles in the body, often the arms and facial region, to contract but not have the ability to relax. It's a state of rigamortis while the person infected is still alive. The tetanus toxin is one of the most potent poisons known, yet is found in your body right now. It is often located in feces and soil, but the intestinal enzymes destroy the toxin. The mortality rate for a person infected is about 40% and that number almost doubles if the person is very young or elderly. The muscles in the chest and abdomen eventually tense up and cause the person to either stop breathing, or stops their heart. So what does a person do to prevent such an illness form happening to them? The first thing to do is get a booster shot or vaccination from the tetanus toxin. With that in place, the chance of tetanus is almost 1%. There is still a chance that the person will become infected though. So treatment has been made possible but it is still in developmental stages. The first thing that is done is the body is treated with a sort of tetanus antitoxin in conjunction with human immune globulin. This, plus a percentage of dead Tetani, cause the body to create cells capable of eliminating the toxin found outside of the intestine. Deep puncture wounds are the main source of entry for tetanus. The toxin, known as tetanospasmin, travels to the brain through the blood. If tetanus is in the body for more than 15 days, and the body registers this, then the treatment is almost useless but may cause comfort. Often, a patient will have to have an IV of penicillin and sometimes, the tissue is removed from the body. For comfort, the doctors may also give muscle relaxants. The booster shot is given for 4 years to children from age two to age six and is known as a DPT (diphtheria, pertussis, and tetanus) vaccine.
People of this time always had body lice and fleas. After bitten by an infected flea, nearly all victims died within three days. The early symptoms were growths the size of nuts that could grow to the size of an apple on the legs, groin, armpit, and neck. The lumps started out being red then progressed into a dark purple or a black. There wer...
For several years, I have had an interest in virology and the spread and characteristics of various infectious diseases. Though it makes sense not to possibly induce a state of panic by informing individuals of illnesses that are not native to the area they live in and that they are not likely to contract, I have always liked to remain informed out of my own curiosity and interest. Thus, I have decided to write about malaria.
Just like the Native American’s in the new world, disease killed more people than did bullets. 4“Europeans and the Afro-Arab slave traders brought to the interior of the Congo many disease previously not known there.” The diseases that they brought to the Congo were diseases like, small pox, malaria was already known, sleeping sickness and different kinds of infections that killed millions of slaves or locals. 4“The most notorious killers were smallpox and sleeping sickness….” Most deaths were result of those two diseases, when they arrived, “the local people had no time to build up immunities.” The invaders would spread the disease throughout the interior of the village and by the time they left, the village was filled with dead bodies. The Africans called small pox, either 6“the sickness from above” or 6“the sickness from heaven”, because they didn’t know where it came from. The sleeping sickness killed hundreds of thousands of people and it spread like wildfire. “Sleeping sickness also spread lethally up the rivers. Half a million Congolese were estimated to have died of it in 1901 alone. The disease is caused by a parasite spread by the bite of the pink-striped tsetse fly, about the size of a horsefly… Once contracted by humans, sleeping sickness becomes highly
...he best anti malarial medication before travelling, use mosquito nets at all times when sleeping, and to seek early treatment if infected. Malaria unlike HIV/AIDS is curable.
My Experiences and “The Tequila Worm” In The novel The Tequila Worm by Viola Canales we see several Mexican traditions involved, and how the character reacts towards them. In the novel we see how the Mexican traditions take a big part in the life of a young girl. Also how being attached to her family not only changes her but the whole community around. I could honestly say that I still celebrate and enjoy some of the Mexican traditions Viola Canales talks about in The Tequila Worm.
A low-grade fever, weight loss, lethargy, night sweats, respiratory congestion, cough, and hemoptysis, are symptoms indicative of Tuberculosis. A positive skin test, abnormal chest x-ray and a positive sputum culture are indicators of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis is transmitted by inhalation of respiratory droplets containing bacteria. This excerpt depicts tuberculosis and its history and prevalence.
Laboratory tests used to detect tuberculosis include chest x-ray, acid-fast bacilli smear and culture, and skin test known as Mantoux test. These laboratory findings will allow the clinician to recognize the stage of the disease and provide the appropriate measures that must be applied to the patient (Tamaro & Lewis, 2005).
Depending on the number of parasites and the type of parasites, the type of malaria can now be determined. Antimalarials with specific infectivity suppressive action such as derivatives of artemisinin and primaquine can be prescribed to reduce malaria transmission at all intensities. For falciparum malaria, which is very lethal, the patient should be referred to a larger facility for aggressive therapy as well as parenteral antimalarials or quinine derivative malaria drugs and supportive care (Bloland & Williams, 2003, p. 57).
Dr. S.M. Shamim ul Moula, “Fighting Disease” May 9, 2001 African Networks for health research and development; retrieved Dec. 9, 2003 http://www.afronets.org/archive/200105/msg00035.php