The objective is the structural and functional examination of the Trinidad mountain crab (Pseudothelphusa garmani) lung. Unlike most crustaceans, Trinidad mountain crab are considered land crabs, and are not committed to water breathing. Trinidad mountain crabs can air-breathe due to the development of a large blood sinus from invaginated branchial chamber epithelium, forming the respiratory airway to the “cutaneous lung”. The lung of the Trinidad mountain crab has two airways for gas exchange: a primary respiratory airway consisting of alveolar sacs and a smaller secondary respiratory airway. Blood entering the branchial chamber epithelium can either go through the branchial epithelium found in most crustaceans or undergo lung perfusion when
Located deeper into the throat of the sea lion are its larynx and trachea. The larynx of the sea lion serves four important functions. It facilitates swallowing, facilitates breathing, prevents food from ge...
Biology 2A03 Lab 4 Respiratory Gas Exchange in a Mouse Lab Manual. Winter Term 2014 (2014). Biology Department. McMaster University.
Oxygen breathing lungs are a universal trait of class reptilia. As such, it would have been necessary for the Plesiosauroid - a marine reptile, to return to the ocean surface to inhale air. Oxygen expenditure in reptiles is proportional to strenuosity of locomotion (Frappell, Schultz & Christian, 2002). Therefore the Plesiosauroid must have held physiological traits that enabled the species to avoid oxygen deficit while hunting deep-sea dwelling prey. This essay will outline the hypothesised respiratory, circulatory, pulmonary and sensory attributes of the Plesiosauroid as they relate to diving. These hypotheses will be supported by investigating the physiological adaptations of the Plesiosaur’s biological analogues, and the prospect of similar adaptations in the former will be speculated upon.
The crustacean moult cycle is initiated when the Y-organ in the head secretes the hormone Ecdysone (E) into the circulatory system[3,4,5]; the Y-organ is the primary source of E[5]. Upon contact with the haemolymph (a combination of blood and tissue fluid) within the circulatory system E is converted to its active form, 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), by a P450 enzyme[4]. This causes the epidermal cells to secrete moulting fluid, which contains a mixture of enzymes such as proteases and chitinases. The moulting fluid degrades the exo- and endocuticle, and the digested cuticle is reabsorbed to create new cuticle; moult fluid also has a role in initiating the moult. The degraded cuticle is replaced by water or air so that the animal can swell in order to lose the shell. During the passive phase of the moult cycle, the shell splits along the break point caused by the decalcification of the shell, in the crab this is along the epimeral lines. Once the shell has split, the animal wiggles side-to-side to free itself from i...
The location is one of the most critical factors to analyze thoroughly because it helps predict whether the sales of the choosing location will be good or not? Although the Boiling Crab is in the growth stage, it still has to focus on new locations that the owner plan to extend to these areas. As I mentioned in the introduction, the owner plans to open the Boiling Crab in four new locations soon.
Healthy lung tissue is predominately soft, elastic connective tissue, designed to slide easily over the thorax with each breath. The lungs are covered with visceral pleura which glide fluidly over the parietal pleura of the thoracic cavity thanks to the serous secretion of pleural fluid (Marieb, 2006, p. 430). During inhalation, the lungs expand with air, similar to filling a balloon. The pliable latex of the balloon allows it to expand, just as the pliability of lungs and their components allows for expansion. During exhalation, the volume of air decrease causing a deflation, similar to letting air out of the balloon. However, unlike a balloon, the paired lungs are not filled with empty spaces; the bronchi enter the lungs and subdivide progressively smaller into bronchioles, a network of conducting passageways leading to the alveoli (Marieb, 2006, p. 433). Alveoli are small air sacs in the respiratory zone. The respiratory zone also consists of bronchioles and alveolar ducts, and is responsible for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide (Marieb, 2006, p. 433).
The scientific name given to the blue crab was derived from Latin and Greek: Calli, beautiful; nectes, swimmer; and sapidus, savory. Thus, a literal transition might be the beautiful, savory swimmer. The blue crab is an important and interesting species. The blue crab is a species whose life history involves a complex cycle of planktonic, nektonic, and benthic stages which occur throughout the marine environment in a variety of habitats. The blue crab is one of the more abundant estuarine invertebrates and supports important commercial and recreational fisheries along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts.
The skeleton of the respiratory system is important for keeping the organs and structures safe. The skeleton is the spinal column, pelvic girdle, the rib cage, the clavicles, the scapulae, and the skull. The skeleton of the respiratory system and the soft tissues allow the muscles of the respiratory system to move gasses in and out of the lungs and respiratory passages. Bringing air and gas into the system is called inspiration while forcing out gas and air is expiration. One of the primary muscles of inspiration is the diaphragm. It is located right under the lungs and when it contracts, it flattens part of the thorax which flattens the abdomen and makes the lungs larger. That is why it is called diaphragmatic or abdominal movement. Changing the dimensions of the thoracic cavity with several other muscles by acting on the ribs is called costal movement. “Pump Handle Movement” shifts the thorax up and forward by movement of ribs one through six. The other is called “Bucket Handle Movement” which shifts up and laterally by movement of ribs seven through ten. Intercostal muscles allow the ribs to move in that way. Primary muscles are used for normal
Fox, R. 2001. Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine: Artemia Franciscana. Lander University. http://webs.lander.edu/rsfox/invertebrates/artemia.html, retrieved February 13, 2011.
To begin with, the horseshoe crab, one the world’s oldest living creatures, are quite active. This fascinating crab has ten small walking legs under a strong, sturdy exoskeleton, a long spine in the abdomen, and a long pointy tail in the back used to push itself back up after being flipped on its back (Swinton, 99). Furthermore, horseshoe crabs got their name in an interesting way. The crab’s arc shaped exoskeleton, or shell, was compared to a horse’s shoe (Horseshoe Crab: Saint Louis Zoo). As mentioned before horseshoe crabs aren’t actually crabs. Though it may look like one, they are actually part of a family called Limuli. Some reasons it could have been misconceived as a crab are because its shell is comparable to a crab’s, the legs look a bit similar, and they are found on the Atlantic coast like other crabs. Also we can find horseshoe crab right here in North America along the hot, sandy Atlantic
Person, A. & Mintz, M., (2006), Anatomy and Physiology of the Respiratory Tract, Disorders of the Respiratory Tract, pp. 11-17, New Jersey: Human Press Inc.
Amir was an Indian immigrant who owned a small fabric store in Cliveland and liked to work in the garden. Starting his story with a comparison between American and Indian cities, Amir gave us an example with “million crabs living in million crevices.” Definitely, he did not refer to real crabs; he was talking about people who lived in America, and about their attitude toward others. In my opinion it is fair to describe American cities as Amir did since here, people are too busy with their problems and do not care about their fellow citizens. A person here is either a friend or a foe. Even if American cities have a dense population, people are too distant to each-others. In contrast, Amir described people in India who are more friendly and respectful. India is known as a country with an old culture, where people respect each other and treat everybody in a polite way. Thus, I agree what Amir said about American cities since people who lived in here are like crabs in crevices.
As time progresses, animals have become bigger and display more of a complex body. In some cases, this is not always true. The Poriferas and Cnidarians do not have a difficult structure like the Platyhelminthes. The body structures can determine a lot about how these animals survive in their environment, and it is important that their structure can manage their distribution of gases, and obtain food and waste. These facts and information will show proof of the many characteristics and bodily functions that these three animals display.
In mammals. the skin excretes sweat through sweat glands throughout the body. The sweat, helped by salt, evaporates and helps to keep the body cool when it is warm. In amphibians, the lungs are very simple, and they lack the necessary means to the exhale like other tetrapods can. The moist, scale-less skin is therefore essential in helping to rid the blood of carbon dioxide, and also allows for urea to be expelled through diffusion when
Arthropods are in the kingdom Animalia which is in the subphylum Arthropoda. A species can be classified as an Arthropod if they have an exoskeleton, a coelom, and if they are mostly dioecious. An “ exoskeleton is an external skeleton made of chitin. [A] coelom is fluid filled cavity between organs and body wall” (Babin,2017). Examples of Arthropods are: spiders, ticks, millipedes, and centipedes. The objective of this experiment was to find Arthropods and test. Different habitats were established to see which will produce a greater amount of Arthropod. It was believed that the Arthropod diversity of a shaded area will be more that that of an area near a canal. The shaded area would have more arthropod diversity because more plants would be around it. Since there will be leaves and trees, plant diversity will be greater. Also, having “ plant diversity can positively affect arthropod{s}” ( Bennett and Gratton, 2013) because there will be more arthropods to utilize.