Green = think the actual expt done or not in that way Red remove Blue add Experimental section Chemicals: Ultrapure water with an electrical conductivity of 18.2 MΩ cm-1 produced from nano-filter (EMD Millipore Corporation, UK) was used for cleaning, making solutions, and doing electrochemical measurements. Cleaning solvents such as ethanol was purposed from Decon Laboratories (USA), acetone was purposed from Fisher Chemicals, USA, and isopropanol was purchased from Macron Fine Chemicals, USA. Chloroauric acid, hydrogen chloride, nitric acid, sodium phosphate monobasic, and sodium phosphate bibasic were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA. L-ascorbic acid were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, USA Gold micro wire (~0.01 mm diameter) was purchased …show more content…
Am. Chem. Soc. 2012, 134, 13212−13215). First, 20 mL nanopure water (18.2 MΩ) was boiled with a constant stirring in a 25 mL RB flask fitted with condenser. 778 µL of 3.8 mM H2PtCl4.6H2O (chloroplatinic acid) was added to the boiling water. After 1 minute, 244 µL of solution containing 38 mM trisodium citrate and 2.6 mM citric acid was injected at once into the solution. Without further waiting, 122 µL of 21 mM sodium borohydride solution was mixed into the boiling solution. Within 10-60 s colorless solution turned into blackish solution showing the evidence of formation of citrate capped ~4 nm size platinum seed particles. This method is a standard protocol to prepare seed platinum nanoparticles, therefore, these NPs were used without …show more content…
Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 6651−6657). One mL of platinum seed solution just prepared was mixed with a 29 mL nanopure water and was stirred continuously in a water bath by placing the water bath on a hotplate with an electromagnetic device. 45 µL of 0.1 M H2PtCl4.6H2O was injected into stirred solution. 500 µL of solution containing 34 mM trisodium citrate and 71 mM L-ascorbic acid was added into the stirred solution. After fitting with reflex condenser to a RB flask, temperature of the heating bath was raised to 1200C gradually starting from room temperature at 50C/min. rate. Within 25-40 minutes, faint yellowish color changed to black revealing the formation of bigger platinum nanoparticles. Boiling was continued for 1 h to complete reaction. The particles size were characterized by Nanosight instrument (Nanosight500, Malvern,
Compress the safety bulb, hold it firmly against the end of the pipette. Then release the bulb and allow it to draw the liquid into the pipette.
Recently, water shortage problem becomes more and more serious in the world [1]. The desire to make a drinking water by treating a ground water, a surface water, a sea water and so on has been increasing. An electrodialysis (ED) is one of the useful methods and has applied to make the drinking water as well as RO and NF membranes [2~5].
To calibrate the thermometer that I bought from Irvine Valley College, I followed the steps given by my Astronomy 20 teacher, Roy McCord. First, I purchased distilled water. I then found a reliable source, to research the point at which water freezes and boils in Celsius. Water freezes at 0°C and boils at 100°C.
Since the discovery of cisplatin, thousands of platinum complexes were evaluated, but only five were approved. Consequently, more than 10000 compound need to be screened so as to get a novel and more effective anticancer drug than cisplatin with the aid of inorganic or coordination chemistry. Solubility, reactivity, electronic and steric effects, and the configuration of metal complexes can be controlled by modifying the metal to other transition metal such as Pd and Ni or the ligand around the metal atom which has been reported that both the metal and the ligand can determine the biological activity. Hopefully we can find more efficient drugs that may contain much less side effects than cisplatin, as well as solve the problem of overcoming drug resistance of some cancers to cisplatin.
They have a larger surface area in proportion to their volume. This enables them to interact with different types of biological systems and provides a wide variety of possibilities (Nuruzatulifah, Nizam, & Ain, 2015). The nanoparticles can be seen by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). When there is one nanoparticle, it is called a primary particle. When there is more than one, it is called a secondary particle. In order to measure these particles, they need to be suspended in a solution (Pruneanu, Coros & Pogacean, 2015). Dyed nanoparticles or internally fluorescent nanoparticles barely interact with cellular proteins which is what the study requires. They are also quite easy to manipulate. They can be easily internalized into cells and can be programmed to go to specific sites (Wolbeis,
I have used the work that Jana et al. conducted regarding a batch process synthesis of silver nanowires as a basis for generation of our silver nanowires. I will use a solution based process that is cost effective, quick, and easy to control for the uniform synthesis of silver nanowires and other silver nanoparticles. Microreactor-assisted nanomaterial de...
Brigger I, Duberne C, Couvreur P, (2002). Nanoparticles in cancer therapy and diagnosis. Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews, 54, 631-651.
The electrodialysis operation was carried out on a laboratory stack “PCCell ED 64 002” supplied by PCA-Polymerchemie Altmeier GmbH and PCCell GmbH, Heusweiler, Germany. As shown in Fig 3, ED cell is packed with ion exchange membranes (cation and anion), spacers and a pair of electrodes (anode and cathode). Both electrodes are made of Pt/Ir - coated Titanium. The membranes and spacers are stacked between the two electrode-end blocks. Plastic separators are placed between the membranes to form the flow paths of the dilute and concentrate streams. These spacers are designed to minimize boundary layer effects and are arranged in the stack so that all the dilute and concentrate streams are manifolded separately. In this way a repeating section called a cell pair is formed; it consists of a cation exchange membrane, a dilute flow spacer, an anion-exchange membrane, and a concentrate flow spacer. In this work, experiments were carried out by this stack equipped with three cation exchange membranes (CEM) and two anion exchange membranes (AEM).
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
Although Solar Energy is a flexible source of where energy could be directly or indirectly converted into forms of energy, it’s still not perfect. With its inefficiency, scientists are trying to find alternative solution to store solar cells for as long as possible. The main process of capturing solar energy happens at the nanoscale. With solar cells, it gets more efficient the tinier it gets. The converting rate of solar energy is equally price competitive as fossil fuel, with a dollar per watt of solar energy. With the help of nanotechnology, it could help raise solar energy conversion efficiency and help lower costs making it the ultimate method of raw energy conversion. To make sure the process of generating energy is kept at a low cost and energy output...
Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics that is based on the study of triangles. This study helps defining the relations between the different angle measures of a triangle with the lengths of their sides. Trigonometry functions such as sine, cosine, and tangent, and their reciprocals are used to find the unknown parts of a triangle. Laws of sines and cosines are the most common applications of trigonometry that we have used in our pre-calculus class. Historically. Trigonometry was developed for astronomy and geography as it helped early explorers plot the stars and navigate the seas, but scientists have been using it for centuries for other purposes, too. Besides other fields of mathematics, it is used in physics,
In many industrial and environmental applications, conductivity measurements are used as an inexpensive, reliable and fast way of getting the measure of the ionic content in a solution. For example. A typical way to monitor and continuously trend the performance of water purification systems is the measurement of product conductivity.
Trigonometry (from Greek trigōnon "triangle" + metron "measure"[1]) is a branch of mathematics that studies triangles and the relationships between the lengths of their sides and the angles between those sides. Trigonometry defines the trigonometric functions, which describe those relationships and have applicability to cyclicalphenomena, such as waves. The field evolved during the third century BC as a branch of geometry used extensively for astronomical studies.[2] It is also the foundation of the practical art of surveying.
borate) and 1.0 g. of sodium hydroxide in 20 mL of warm water. It may
Nanoparticles are being introduced in food in order to change the texture, flavor, and color of food, in addition to offering benefits in food safety and enhancing the health benefits of food.