Born out of the Wesphalian region of the northwest Germany, the Treaty of Westphalia, ended one of the most destructive religious conflicts in European history. Resulted from the complicated diplomatic congress, the Treaty of Westphalia created the so-called Westphalian model of sovereign states in 1648. In particular, at the time of great economic, political, and religious conflicts between the European principalities, the Treaty effectively terminated the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) in the Holy Roman Empire and the Eighty Years’ War (1568-1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic. As a result, the Treaty established three core tenets: the principle of state sovereignty, the principle of legal equality of states, and the principle of non-intervention of one state into the affairs of the other. Furthermore, The Treaty of Westphalia ended the rule of the Holy Roman Empire and recognized Calvinism as the third acceptable religion in addition to Catholicism and Lutheranism. Essentially, the Westphalian model gives preference to the national interests of each nation-state over the interests of international community at large. The Westphalian model launches the development of market capitalism and celebrates the triumph of sovereignty over empire and nationality over globality.
The Westphalian model works as follows:
MARKET CAPITALISM – ANTI-GLOBAL CAUSE – ANTI-IMPERIAL FORCE
1. The Treaty of Westphalia unlocks the forces of market capitalism.
2. Its tenets of sovereignty and self-determination, non-interference, and legal equality serve as a major force of anti-global cause in the twenty first century.
3. By effectively ending the rule of the Holy Roman Empire, The Treaty of Westphalia emerges as an anti-imperial force.
The Westp...
... middle of paper ...
...a result, the Westphalian model creates a dichotomy between market capitalist interests against the global agenda. The Peace of Westphalia model in its entirety can be used to justify national movement that favors managed rather than expansive neoliberal capitalism because of its fixation on the national cause. The analytical deconstruction of the Westphalian model provides important clues as to the nature and development of such concepts as capitalism, imperialism, and globalization. The “ghost” of the Westphalian model still chases and impacts decisions made by leaders all over the globe. In its quest to build a democratic and egalitarian national order, the Westphalian model seeks to promote legal equality and capitalist economics of nation-states without destroying or impeding its cultural and political diversity by establishing either imperial or global regime.
There is no excuse for the horrible things Nazi Germany did during World War II. But one can get a better idea how that war started by learning about how World War I ended. The Treaty of Versailles was created by the winners of World War I, like France, Great Britain, and the United States, to make peace. So how did it help contribute to an even worse war less than twenty years later? It was mainly because it was too hard on Germany’s territory, military, economy, and national pride.
most important of these reasons are : Treaty of Versaille, League of Nations, and Hitler
The written agreement of Versailles was supposed to be a peace agreement between the Allies and therefore the Germans. Versailles created political discontent and economic chaos in FRG. The peace of Versailles described the results of hostility and revenge and opened the door for a dictator and warfare II.November eleven, 1918 marked the top of the primary warfare. FRG had given associate degreed signed an truce agreement. All controversy starting with the Black Hand the Italian Black Hand, not to be confused with the Serbian assassination society of the same name, was a method of extortion that gangsters and Mafiosi practiced in the early 10th century. It originated in the Kingdom of Naples around 1750. Though, it did not become so commonplace until the late 19th century. This is when many Sicilian immigrants coming to the United States banded together for lack of the ability to communicate with anyone else, even northern Italians (Pitkin). Some normal tactics used by the Black Hand included threatening, beating, kidnapping, arson, and even murder. Most threats were sent by letter demanding Money to be dropped off at a specific place or they would suffer the consequences. No matter what the issue was the letter was signed with a black handprint. Hence the American press dubbed the society the Black Hand. Before any agreement was signed the cause of this war was The assassination of Franz Ferdinand was the single most significant event that plunged Europe into war.
With the armistice that took effect November 11,1918, the Great War had come to an end, four long years after it had begun. The German military machine had lost the war, and with it, hopes of German dominance in European affairs. Utterly defeated, the new German government (the Kaiser had abdicated at the end of the war) had no choice but to comply with the conditions of the Treaty of Versailles, despite the fact that Germany was allowed no say in the terms of the treaty. As a result of this treaty, Germany was stripped of all her colonial possessions as well as valuable continental territories, most importantly, Alsace-Lorraine, the Saar, and the Polish Corridor. Her armed forces were restricted to 100,000 men, and restricted from occupying the Rhineland. Furthermore, Germany was held responsible for the war and therefore had to pay reparations for all d...
The Versailles settlement of 1919 ended the bloodiest war the world had seen. In this treaty ending World War I, Germany was forced to make economic and territorial reparations to the Triple Entente which consisted of Britain, France, Russia, and the United States of America. Several years of total war hindered the ability of Germany to pay what was demanded of them by the Treaty of Versailles. Germany was hit the hardest by the demands of this treaty during the interwar period. When answering how the Nazi party came to rule in Germany, one must look at foreign policy in respect to the Versailles Treaty during the Second Reich. Economically, due to the settlement at Versailles, Germany would be hit by massive inflation as well as a crippling depression under the Weimar Republic. This made many people distrust the newly created Weimar Republic. Socially, Germans generally blamed the government, as well as the Treaty of Versailles for the hard times that they suffered after the First World War. This social environment gave rise to the Nazi movement and many other parties that opposes the treaty and the Weimar Republic alike. Politically, instability and chaos plagued the Weimar Republic giving rise to many different political parties including the National Socialist German Workers’ Party. Thus, the rise of the Nazi party in Germany was due to economic hardship fostered by the Treaty of Versailles, a fractured political system, and social unrest during the interwar period.
Faced with harsh peace terms at the end of World War I, Germany was put in the perfect position for extreme political turmoil to rise, along with the need to place the blame for the German defeat. The Treaty of Versailles, which was the Allies’ peace treaty with Germany following World War I, “... took territories from Germany in the east and west, destroyed the Austro-Hungarian Empire, humiliated Germans by including a “war guilt” clause, imposed disarmament, and demanded heavy reparation payments for war damage” (Weisser). This “peace” treaty, littered with bitter terms for Germany, did great harm to the nation. Germany was not only stripped of its once powerful nation by depriving it of its territories and armaments; but also by the destruction of its economy through hyperinflation, a result of printing more money in order to pay reparations. This treaty therefore ruined Germany, putting it in an atrocious state, which would eventually allow for dramatic political change and the placing of blame for the...
The first one, refers to democracies. Waltz puts in doubt the peace thesis arguing that the increase number of democracies will not assure peaceful intentions of states towards others. Indeed, Waltz argues that, contrary to peace thesis defenders, the United States and Great Britain, the predominant democracies in the nineteenth century, instead of using force, they used their influence ov...
In order for countries to cohesively overcome international barriers, frameworks of ideal political standards must be established. Two of these frameworks constantly discussed in international relations are the theories of Neo-realism and Liberalism; two theories with their own outlook at the way politicians should govern their country as well as how they should deal with others. Neo-realism lies on the structural level, emphasizing on anarchy and the balance of power as a dominant factor in order to maintain hierarchy in international affairs. In contrast, Liberalism's beliefs are more permissive, focusing on the establishments of international organizations, democracy, and trade as links to strengthen the chain of peace amongst countries. Liberalism provides a theory that predominantly explains how states can collaborate in order to promote global peace; however, as wars have been analyzed, for example World War II, the causes of them are better explained by Neo-realist beliefs on the balance of power and states acting as unitary actors. Thus, looking out for their own self interest and security.
signed at the end of World War 1. This treaty outlined the rules that Germany must follow
The Treaty of Versailles, one of the most controversial international agreements(“D.1. The Treaty of Versailles."), had been negotiated between January and June of 1919 (History. Staff). Although it was negotiated between January and June, the Treaty of Versailles was officially signed on June 28, 1919 (Hashall) at Versailles, a suburb of Paris (Benson). This treaty involved Germany and all allies of World War I (Benson). The peace agreement was established to aid in the termination of World War I.
The Treaty of Versailles is an example of how the neglect of principles proposed by the Catholic Church, namely social restoration, just accords, long-term security and physical reconstruction, can lead to lasting global repercussions and future wars. The sanctions were enforced in the hope of slowing German recovery and eliminating future conflict. However, the United States didn’t sign this treaty because we recognized that it didn’t give the Germans a fair deal or promote long-term security (Treaty).
The Holy Roman Empire was an empire in central Europe consisting of many territories and ethnicities. Once very powerful, the empire’s authority slowly decreased over centuries and by the Middle Ages the emperor was little more than a figurehead, allowing princes to govern smaller sections of the empire. Though the various ruling princes owed loyalty to the emperor, they were also granted a degree of independence and privileges. The emperor, an elected monarch, needed the allegiance of the princes and other aristocracy to support him, in turn giving them power or money. This tenuous allegiance between powers was greatly strained in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries as religious reform dominated Europe and religious tensions divided the empire. Beginning in the sixteenth century, the empire’s power significantly declined because of the Protestant Reformation. The Reformation split the empire’s states into Protestant and Catholic divisions, straining the peace between territories. Though the relationship between the princes and the emperor had already been tenuous, the princes, seeing the religious divisions, sensed weakness in the empire and further challenged imperial authority. The Holy Roman emperors battled Protestant princes in Germany into the seventeenth century, where tensions were still high from the Reformation and wars of religion – initially contained to the German territories – began to include other territories and states. As more European states joined the conflict, the Holy Roman Empire continued to deteriorate. From the early sixteenth to the mid seventeenth century, the Holy Roman Empire’s power declined greatly because of its internal religious rifts, conflicts (in particular the Thirty Years War, whic...
This essay will describe the characteristics of the modern nation-state, explain how the United States fits the criteria of and functions as a modern nation-state, discuss the European Union as a transnational entity, analyze how nation-states and transnational entities engage on foreign policy to achieve their interests, and the consequences of this interaction for international politics.
Since the late twentieth century, the world has experienced a vast transformation with regards to world economies, culture, and politics. The great advancements in technology and communication since the late twentieth century has served a catalysts for what is known today as globalization. The ambition to develop a single global economy along with a universal culture are the promises of globalization. Perhaps the clearest evidence that demonstrates globalization is a reality is the fact that at this point in time very diverse cultures form around the world closer to each other than ever before. That being said, when it comes to the spreading of democracy and human rights, having world cultures closer to each other can prove to be beneficial
There is an undeniable fact that there has been a rise in globalization. It has become a hot topic amongst the field of international politics. With the rise of globalization, the sovereignty of the state is now being undermined. It has become an undisputed fact that the world has evolved to a new level of globalization, the transferring goods, information, ideas and services around the globe has changed at an unimaginable rate. With all that is going on, one would question how globalization has changed the system that is typically a collection of sovereign states. Do states still have the main source of power? What gives a state the right to rule a geographically defined region? It is believed by many that due to the introduction of international systems and increasing rate of globalization, the sovereignty of the state has been slowly eroded over time. My paper has two parts: First, it aims to take a close look at how globalization has changed the way the economy worked, specifically how it opened doors for multinational corporations to rise in power. Second, to answer the question, is it possible for it to exist today? And even so, should it?