Total Physical Response
TPR
Total Physical Response is a language learning method based on the coordination of speech and action. It was developed by James Asher, a professor of psychology at San Jose State University.
TPR is based on the fact that the human brain has a biological program for acquiring(ÇßÊÓÇÈ) any natural language on earth - including the sign language of the deaf. The process is visible when we observe how infants internalize their first language.
The secret is a "conversation" between the parent and infant. For example, the first conversation is a parent saying, "Look at daddy. Look at daddy." The infant's face turns in the direction of the voice and daddy exclaims, "She's looking at me! She's looking at me!" Dr. Asher calls this "a language-body conversation" because the parent speaks and the infant answers with a physical response such as looking, smiling, laughing, turning, walking, reaching, grasping, holding, sitting, running, and so forth.
In a TPR lesson, teachers model actions which students then mimic(íÍÇßí) as they simultaneously(ãÚÇð) hear vocabulary words and commands in the target language. For example, a teacher wishing to teach the phrases "stand up" and "sit down" will give these commands, model for students, and then invite students to stand up and sit down as they hear the appropriate command. These simple phrases can easily be "spiced up" in TPR practice, as a teacher may command a student to stand up or sit down "quickly, slowly, on a book, to the right, to the left, twice while sneezing, three times while singing the national anthem, etc."
As a particular action is associated with each vocabulary word or phrase, students rapidly and naturally acquire language while establishing long-lasting associations between the brain and the muscles. Much like learning to ride a bicycle, students who learn language via TPR will not soon forget it.
· it is focused on single-item vocabulary words .
· Second language learning is parallel to first language learning and should reflect the same naturalistic processes.
· Children respond physically to spoken language, and adult learners learn better if they do that too.
Secrets of Baby Behavior. Infant Development from 6 to 7 months: New Wonders, New Skills, and New Fears. Retrieved March 22, 2014, from http://www.secretsofbabybehavior.com/2009/10/infant-development-from-6-to-7-months.html. McLeod, S. (2008). The 'Secondary'.
action. As a final step the person is then taught to use this in a
We need to adapt our verbal communication accordingly to the different situations. Working on a learning activity it is important that the children are focused and that we deal with any distractions
Adapting and using language which is appropriate to the person you are talking to is a very important when communicating with children and young people. Children of different ages will
"Speech and Language." UW Departments Web Server. Center on Human Development and Disability at University of Washington. Web. 01 May 2014.
When infants are acquiring their first language, adults speak to them differently than they would speak to other adults. This kind of speech is formally named “Infant-Directed speech”, but is also referred to as “baby talk” and “motherese”. Infant-Directed (ID) speech has several properties that distinguish it from Adult-Directed (AD) speech. There is a debate over whether or not ID speech helps infants acquire language or is a hindrance in their language acquisition process Several experiments have been performed to test the effect of ID speech on infants’ language learning. These experiments all used different properties of ID speech. Overall, the experiments have proved that ID speech helps infants acquire language better than AD speech for different reasons. Further studies can be performed on ID speech to learn more about its effects on second language acquisition and on different ages.
Physical movement is extremely important in the classroom. I am a tactile learner so through movement I am able to learn better. For example, when given directions to a new place, the movement of the car and myself enables me to remember how to get to that destination again at a later time. “An active body enhances an active mind. Learners who are activ...
Speech is the actual act of communicating through the use of words and sounds (American Family Physician, 1999 pg. 3121). The importance of verbal communication is the development of positive relationships with family and peers (American Family Physician, 1999 pg. 3121). Language is the act of understanding what is being spoken and the ability to express thoughts and feelings in return. Language is also understood and expressed through the use of visual aids such as pictures (American Family Physician, 2011 pg. 1183). The development of both speech and language is essential for healthy social and emotional skills.
Language is a part of our everyday lives, and we can describe the meaning of language in many ways. As suggested in Gee and Hayes (2011, p.6 ) people can view language as something in our minds or something existing in our world in the form of speech, audio recordings, and writings or we can view language as a way of communicating with a group of people. Language can be used to express our emotions, make sense of our mental and abstract thoughts and assists us in communicating with others around us. Language is of vital importance for children to enable them to succeed in school and everyday life. Everyone uses both oral and written language. Language developed as a common ability amongst human beings with the change
Language Development in Children Language is a multifaceted instrument used to communicate an unbelievable number of different things. Primary categories are information, direction, emotion, and ceremony. While information and direction define cognitive meaning, emotional language expresses emotional meaning. Ceremonial language is mostly engaged with emotions, but at some level information and direction collection may be used to define a deeper meaning and purpose. There is perhaps nothing more amazing than the surfacing of language in children.
Steven Krashen developed 5 theories of Second Language Development. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis states that people acquire language naturally, without any formal training, simply through their interactions with others (Freeman and Freeman p.62). Language learning, however, is a more complex process which requires instruction. Both of these processes are necessary for a person to acquire a second language. Implications for teaching include creating authentic social interaction time with peers in the classroom, collaboration with peers, modeling appropriate language use and using repetition (Vose).
Children’s acquisition of language has long been considered one of the uniquely defining characteristics of human behaviour.
This makes it important for the learner to learn a language gradually allowing them to master each word without making major mistakes while using them. This is especially important when considering much language syntax differs from English which making many sentences be forced in the opposite structure. This makes it important 2nd language learners to first take time to learn how to place the words which would then translate to the right meaning. Failing to understand the word and grammar arrangement can lead to major complications and result in the learner having bad experiencing dealing with native speakers which can result in serious complications (Halliday 1970).
Research also confirms that children learn best in their mother tongue as a prelude to and complement of bilingual and multilingual education. Whether children successfully retain their mother tongue while acquiring additional languages, depends on several interacting factors.
It is necessary to draw a distinction between foreign language and second language learning. According to (Wisniewski, 2007), a language lear...