There are many diseases that are prevalent among adults, such as acute myeloid leukemia. Since the patients are usually old they often cannot receive the normal treatments such as chemotherapy because their old bodies cannot cope with the stresses that come with these aggressive treatments. To combat this problem researchers have been studying a milder treatment method called differentiation therapy to treat the adults who cannot handle the more invasive treatments (2). Differentiation therapy is a treatment in which chemical agents are used to induce undifferentiated cells, such as HL-60 cells, to differentiate into other more useful cells that can be used to fight off the disease. (3). HL-60 cells are a multipotent suspension cell line that …show more content…
Normally, retinoic acid plays roles in many bodily functions, such as proliferation, differentiation, embryogenesis, immunity, and metabolism. When treated with retinoic acid HL-60 cells produce granulocytes (3). Retinoic acid worked well both in vitro, during laboratory testing, and in vivo, during clinical trials (2). Another highly tested differentiation therapy agent is vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 assists the body with many functions such as immunity, cellular growth and regulating calcium and bone homeostasis. In addition, when HL-60 cells are treated with Vitamin D3 they differentiate into monocytes (3). When researchers tested vitamin D3 in vitro it worked well, however when they tested it in vivo it didn’t work very well. So to make vitamin D3 induce monocytic differentiation in vivo researchers have used vitamin D3 and retinoic acid together to produce a synergistic differentiation effect that allowed the cells to differentiate into monocytes in vivo …show more content…
In other words, would cells that are treated with both retinoic acid and vitamin D3 produce a useful amount of monocytic variation when compared to the amount of monocytic variation in cells treated with only vitamin D3? When vitamin D3 is added to HL-60 cells it binds to the vitamin D receptor, which then begins the process of signal transduction that leads to the cell differentiating into a monocyte (2). Some research has found that retinoic acid up regulates vitamin D receptor expression which allows more vitamin D3 to attach and induce monocytic differentiation (1). Because of the affect that retinoic acid has on the expression of the vitamin D receptor, one can predict that if HL-60 cells are treated with a combination of vitamin D3 and retinoic acid, there will be a greater induction of monocytes than if the cells were treated solely with vitamin D3. Other possibilities are that if HL-60 cells are treated with a combination of vitamin D3 and retinoic acid, there will be a lower induction of monocytes than if the cells were treated solely with vitamin D3 and if HL-60 cells are treated with a combination of vitamin D3 and retinoic acid, there will be no variation in monocytic induction when compared to cells treated with vitamin D3
Heaney RP. The vitamin D requirement in health and disease. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2005;97(1-2):13-19.
Used in scientific research, the HeLa cells are known to be a type of immortal, tissue cultured cell line. A cell line is a group of cells taken from a person and used for scientific research (science.howstuffworks.com). When a cell type is known to be immortal, it refers to the cells being able to divide an indefinite amount of times, when cell survival conditions are met in a laboratory. The first human cell line to survive in a test tube, or in vitro, was the HeLa cells (science.howstuffworks.com). These cells were taken from a tissue of a tumor of a woman with cervical cancer back in the 1950s. Her name was Henrietta Lacks. There have been many advances in medicine and biomedical research because of her cells.
Imagine that there is a cure for nearly every ailment that affects the human race. Imagine that you could help the terminally ill, put those you love out of pain, and cut the healing time of an enormous number of serious illnesses in half. Imagine a world in which pain and suffering would be nearly nonexistent, and the people you love can live safe from the fear of crippling injury. Now what if I told you that this utopia was a fast approaching reality? Everything from serious life threatening burns to lymphoma, AIDS, Alzheimer’s, Muscular Dystrophy, Parkinson’s Disease, Spinal Cord Injury, and Strokes could, in the very near future, be eliminated through the simple culturing and implementation of stem cell therapy . These diseases are no small component of the myriad of conditions that plagues the human race, and yet, the end for these horrible maladies could very well be in sight. Man has always sought to end suffering, largely without success, until now. the promise that stem cell therapy holds could completely change our world for the better. Already, stem cell therapy is being used to treat leukemia, immune disorders, hodgkins and non-hodgkins lymphoma, anemia and a profusion of other ailments. As you all know, this is no small accomplishment. One day i believe that we may look at alzheimer's and diabetes and other major illnesses much like we look at polio today, as a treatable illness. Right now, our research with stem cells is providing us with new light into how we look at and model disease, our ability to understand why we get sick and even to develop new drugs. In 2008, a researcher from the New York Stem Cell Foundation Laborato...
Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) is a form of cognitive behavioral therapy, specifically developed for borderline personality disorder (BPD), in which the clinician attempts to motivate the client towards change in behavior while simultaneously validating existing thoughts and feelings. (DeVylder) The goal of dialectical behavior therapy is to minimize maladaptive behaviors related to impulse control and emotion regulation, especially those that may result in self-injury or death. (DeVylder) The desired outcome of DBT is a resolution of maladaptive behaviors related to impulse control and emotion regulation, especially those behaviors that may result in self-injury or death. (DeVylder)
Duerbeck, N., & Dowling, D. (2012). Vitamin A: Too much of a good thing?. Obstetrical & Gynecological Survey, 67(2), 122-128. doi:10.1097/OGX.0b013e318244c52d
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a comprehensive cognitive-behavioral treatment developed by Marsha M. Linehan for the treatment of complex, difficult-to-treat mental disorders. Originally, DBT was developed to treat individuals diagnosed with borderline personality disorder (BPD; Carson-Wong, Rizvi, & Steffel, 2013; Scheel, 2000). However, DBT has evolved into a treatment for multi-disordered individuals with BPD. In addition, DBT has been adapted for the treatment of other behavioral disorders involving emotional dysregulation, for example, substance abuse, binge eating, and for settings, such as inpatient and partial hospitalization. Dimeff and Linehan (2001) described five functions involved in comprehensive DBT treatment. The first function DBT serves is enhancing behavioral capabilities. Secondly, it improves motivation to change by modifying inhibitions and reinforcement. Third, it assures that new capabilities can be generalize to the natural environment. Fourth, DBT structures the treatment environment in the ways essential to support client and therapist capabilities. Finally, DBT enhances therapist capabilities and motivation to treat clients effectively. In standard DBT, these functions are divided into modes for treatment (Dimeff & Linehan, Dialectical behavior therapy in a nutshell, 2001).
As a student in the school system, there are many mental conditions that could affect how they perform on a daily basis. One of the most prevalent is Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). This is defined as “a disorder characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity (Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine). There is much research that is currently being done on this subject as it does impact many students in the K-12 system. As of 2011, it was estimated that around 11% of students had been diagnosed with ADHD. While seems like a small amount of students, it equates to about 6.4 million (Data & Statistics). A huge amount of children in school are having trouble focusing in
Those who favour stem cell research are optimistic about the continued developments in stem cell research will open doors to many breakthrough discoveries in biomedical science. The scientific and ethical questions arise as rapidly as the reaching of milestones in stem cell research. There are two main types of stem cells, namely embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells in our body. But they have restricted-range of cells that they can further differentiate. On the contrary, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into nearly two hundred cell types in the human body, called pluripotency. The process of harvesting embryonic stem cells involves destruction of embryos (Mooney, 2009).
Vitamin D is derived from a steroid; the structure retains its numbering from the parent compound cholesterol.3
Mental health is being aware, accepting yourself, and striking a balance in all aspects of your life like social, spiritual, physical, economical, and mental (Association, 2001). Mental health can be described as our positive interactions with the context and events in our life, and having the ability to cope with life’s stressors. Mental health problems can begin at anytime during your life (CAMH, 2010). In fact anything can make it difficult for an individual’s ability to interact effectively, and may lead into a mental health problem (Association, 2001).
The first type of fat-soluble vitamin is vitamin A. Vitamin A is a group of unsaturated nutritional organic compounds which includes retinol, retinal, retinoic acid, and several provitamins A carotenoids. According to Hickenbottom, Lemke, and Clifford (2002), the vitamin A is derived from beta-carotene which serves as an antioxidant and may help protect against certain cancers and heart disease. Rhodopsin is the photosensitive pigment that present in these nerve cells which is synthesized by vitamin A (Minke & Kirschfeld, 1979). Besides that, vitamin A helps the formation of mucopolysaccharide sulphates which used for cell adhesion, regulation of cell growth and developmental processes (Wolf & Varandani, 1960). Earl (1933) has mentioned that vitamin A is one of the vitamins that help in growth, repairs of body tissues, bone formation and formation of healthy skin and hair. For further information, vitamin A also participates in the synthesis of sex steroids that essential for skeletal development and the maintenance of bone health throughout adult life (Compston, 2001).Vitamin A also play a role at the level of the cellular membrane. There a...
It is not thought that children with asthma have more respiratory infections, but the infections that they do acquire are more severe. Cathelicidin peptides which have antiviral, as well as, antimicrobial properties in the immune system can have its production stimulated by vitamin D. In separate studies involving a group of 208 African American women and 334 Japanese schoolchildren, supplementation of vitamin D was shown to decrease the incidences of influenza. In a separate study in the US, there was an increased incidence of experiencing symptoms associated with upper respiratory tract infections in those individuals with serum levels that were lower in 25(OH)D3. According to the article, there is evidence that vitamin D can reduce factors involved in inflammatory responses, as well as, increase the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. These are small proteins involved in cell signaling. There is also evidence of steroid resistance being reversed when vitamin D was
Vitamin D can often be obtained with two different methods. The main method is the conversion of 7-dehydrocholesterol in the skin into Vitamin D3 via sun exposure to absorb ultraviolet B radiation with a wavelength of 290-315nm (Holick 2007). The other method, is through consumption in diets through plants in the form of Vitamin D2; or fatty fishes, supplements or fortified vitamin D products in the form of Vitamin D3 (Lavie, Lee & Milani 2011). Vitamin D undergoes hydroxylation twice; first with the enzyme 25-hydroxylase to form 25-hydroxyvitamin D (Calcidiol) (Al Mheid et al. 2013). Then, Calcidiol is converted to the most active form of Vitamin D, 1,25-dihidroxyvitamin D Hormone (Calcitriol) with the help of renal 1--hydroxylase in the kidney (Al Mheid et al. 2013). Vitamin D2 and D3 are relatively similar since share the same hydroxylation pathway to produce Calcitriol (Tripkovic 2013), however, D3 has shown to have a greater influence on Calcidiol levels and thus more effective in maintaining Vitamin D health (Heaney et al. 2011).
The first successful case of stem cell therapy in human was reported in 1959. Bone marrow restorations were observed in leukemia patients who received total body irradiation subsequent by intravenous injection of their twins’ bone marrow (Thomas et al, 1957). Nevertheless, that effect was transient and the following bone marrow transplantation attempts in non-twin patients and donors can eventually lead to patient’s death from graft-versus-host disease (Mathé et al, 1965). During that time, the safety of hematopoietic cells transplantation was not guaranteed because of the limited knowledge in human histocompatibility and immunosuppression. However, the turning point came after the discovery of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) groups (Dausset, 1958; van Rood et al, 1958), HLA typing and compatibility testing were performed prior to the transplantation. In addition, the improvement of immunosuppressive protocol also helps bringing the bone marrow transplantation to become more and more successful (Donnall and Hutchinson, 1999).
Kolata, Gina. “Vitamins: More May Be Too Many.” The New York Times 29 April 2003, Science Desk; Section F. Factiva. Web. 10 July 2010.