Theory and Praxis in Aristotle and Heidegger
ABSTRACT: The discussion of Heidegger's “destructive retrieve” of Aristotle has been intensified in recent years by the publication of Heidegger's courses in the years surrounding his magnum opus. Heidegger's explicit commentary on Aristotle in these courses permits one to read Being and Time with Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics and Metaphysics. My paper analyzes a network of differences between the two thinkers, focusing on the relationship between theory and praxis. From Aristotle to Heidegger, there is: (1) a shift from the priority of actuality to the priority of possibility. This shift, I argue, is itself the metaphysical ground of: (2) a shift from the priority of theory to the priority of praxis. This shift is seen most clearly in the way in which (3) Heidegger's notion of Theorie is a modification of his poíesis. The temporal ground of the reversal is seen in (4) Heidegger's notion of transcendence towards the world, and not towards an eternal being.
Heidegger's "destructive retrieve" of Aristotle is getting more attention recently, as the courses he gave in the years surrounding the appearance of Being and Time are gradually becoming available. Heidegger's explicit commentary on Aristotle in many of these courses permits one to read Being and Time as a work written in conversation with the Greek master. Contrasting Being and Time with Aristotle's Nichomachean Ethics and Metaphysics, my paper analyzes a network of relations and differences between the two thinkers, focussing on the relationship between theory and praxis.
Between Aristotle and Heidegger, there is 1) a shift from the priority of actuality in Aristotle, to the priority of possibility in Heidegger. This shift, I argue, is itself the metaphysical ground of 2) a shift from the priority of theory in the one thinker to the priority of praxis in the other. This shift is seen most clearly in the way in which 3) Heidegger's notion of Theorie is a modification of a more original poíésis. The temporal ground of the reversal is seen in 4) Heidegger's notion of transcendence towards the world, and not towards an eternal being.
I. From Aristotle's Actuality to Heidegger's Possibility
For Heidegger, possibility precedes actuality: though human beings have a factical structure, the way that we interpret the world is on the basis of possibility. For Aristotle, however, actuality is prior to potentiality (Meta: 1049b 4ff). Now Aristotle's notion of physical potentiality and what Heidegger calls possibility are not identical.
In this paper, I offer a reconstruction of Aristotle’s argument from Physics Book 2, chapter 8, 199a9. Aristotle in this chapter tries to make an analogy between nature and action to establish that both, nature and action, have an end.
The legality involved in operating a business is very momentous to both the owner and operators the company. Ones may not have knowledge of all the details; however, he or she should be acquainted with UCC regulations. When owners and operators understand UCC regulations, he or she can operate the business with more efficiency legally.
These assumptions about the audience contribute to the logic of her claims only for her intended audience by making them feel specifically acknowledged. The author is then able to use statistics and refer to other sources or events that occurred in the 1980s without the audience questioning its credibility. This assumption makes readers such as myself believe that she was raised before parenting evolved; therefore, she cannot speak on behalf of the generations raised by these so called helicopter parents. If the reader had not had such thorough descriptions of the four shifts and how they contributed to the change in parenting and childhood, this assumption about her audience would not contribute, or possibly even decrease, the logic of her argument. The most recent generations would not know how parenting styles were before these shifts occurred. This assumption also would result in some of the audience questioning some of Haims’s warrants, such as the Race to the Top, and the importance of these references would be lost. Haims also implies that children were only told by their parents to go play outside, be kids, and be back by dinner before the parenting styles changed (Haims- Lynthcott). This implication, however, can be disproved by my experience growing up
The total populations of some species, such as the emperor penguin, are estimated in hundreds of thousands, but those of most species of smaller penguins certainly run to several million. The largest breeding colonies are on the islands between 50 [IMAGE] south latitude and Antarctica . These immense colonies, some of which contain hundreds of thousands of individuals, represent a large potential food resource, but the economic importance of penguins is negligible.
Before the boomer generation, there are two significant changes to parenting styles. During the 1920s, the United States were facing a prohibition, mob activity, and an overall rise in economic prosperity. Stocks were introduced, and they constantly were on a rise with no signs of it ever going down. However in 1929, the stock market crashed causing a nationwide depression throughout the United States. Further onslaught on the econo...
Shortly after the glory days of Elizabethan and Jacobean theatre, a Puritanical movement led by Oliver Cromwell gained control of Parliament. Cromwell ethics did not extend to cover the moral extravagance of theatre. Under the guise of public health and safety, Parliament ordered the closing of all theatres on September 2, 1642. Such dirty public areas were the perfect breeding ground for the spreading of plague. Actors were left with two options, join Charles I in the civil war against Cromwell, or defy the law and continue performing. Then, in 1649, Charles lost his head, establishing the new Commonwealth. In 1653, Cromwell disbanded Parliament and named himself Lord High Protector. During these days of political chaos, a new underground theater evolved.
Chinese people might find naming their religion challenging as it is a mixture of “traditional religion, Buddhism, Confucianism, and Daoism” (Corduan, 2012, p.388). The Chinese Popular Religion continues to evolve and change as the world around it changes and outside influences enter the Chinese culture (Corduan, 2012). Investigation of the Chinese Popular Religion includes its key features, practices, and influences, along with tis role in contemporary China, and how Christians can enhance their interactions.
Rene Descartes decision to shatter the molds of traditional thinking is still talked about today. He is regarded as an influential abstract thinker; and some of his main ideas are still talked about by philosophers all over the world. While he wrote the "Meditations", he secluded himself from the outside world for a length of time, basically tore up his conventional thinking; and tried to come to some conclusion as to what was actually true and existing. In order to show that the sciences rest on firm foundations and that these foundations lay in the mind and not the senses, Descartes must begin by bringing into doubt all the beliefs that come to him by the senses. This is done in the first of six different steps that he named "Meditations" because of the state of mind he was in while he was contemplating all these different ideas. His six meditations are "One:Concerning those things that can be called into doubt", "Two:Concerning the Nature of the Human mind: that it is better known than the Body", "Three: Concerning God, that he exists", "Four: Concerning the True and the False", "Five: Concerning the Essence of Material things, and again concerning God, that he exists" and finally "Six: Concerning the Existence of Material things, and the real distinction between Mind and Body". Although all of these meditations are relevant and necessary to understand the complete work as a whole, the focus of this paper will be the first meditation.
The Nicomachean Ethics, written by Aristotle, represents his most important contribution within the field of Ethics; it is a collection of ten books, covering a variety of interesting topics, throughout the collection. Aristotle tries to draw a general understanding of the human good, exploring the causes of human actions, trying to identify the most common ultimate purpose of human actions. Indeed, Aristotelian’s ethics, also investigates through the psychological and the spiritual realms of human beings. Without pretending to exhaust with too many references, it would be rather useful to focus on the most criticized part of the philosopher’s attempt, which is also the very starting point of his masterpiece, identified as eudaimonia (happiness, well being) and ergon (function), in Aristotelian terms.
When it comes to doing business internationally the decision making is more complex. There are many interactions between each country that need to be addressed. In order for a business to be successful in the international market they need to examine and analyze all the facets of their company. They need
Why would a company go international? There are many reasons why companies would go international, but generally a company goes international so they can seek opportunities in domestic markets, or they seek solutions to problems that cannot be solved through domestic operations. There are many profitable possibilities by going internationally and these include greater profit potential, offers new locations to sell products, it may provide better access to needed raw materials, it may access to financial resources from many nations, and lastly it may allow labour-intensive activities to locate in countries with lower labour costs. For a small business to become an international business they must use five guidelines the first is global sourcing, exporting and importing, licensing and franchising, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries. The first two are market entry strategies and the remaining are direct investment strategies.
"Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy." Beauvoir, Simone de []. N.p., n.d. Web. 28 Apr. 2014. .
In order for one to understand the danger possessed by penguins, a background of the species and evolution is necessary. The impact people have on penguins is mostly destructive, and the future possibilities are gloomy if things don’t change. The endangerment of penguins is being perpetuated by human actions and these actions must cease for penguins to stay alive.
According to Aristotle, things are seen as taking course and will eventually come to a stop when potential is reached. The entire process of potential to actuality is call causation. Aristotle sees human life as the search for happiness and term happiness as the fulfillment of all potential. We are molded through the decisions we make. I see this as a cycle and the cycle is as follows, causation is from potential to actuality, happiness is a fulfillment of potential and education is to develop, cultivate and exercise each child potential up to adulthood. While reading Aristotle principal of potentiality and the principle of actuality, I am reminded of the time I was looking for a house; a real estate agent took me to a house with the inside burnt out. Nothing was left standing in the house but the four walls. The structure of the house was beautiful. The broker turned to me and said “This house has potential” After examining Aristotle philosophy of reality; I see the prospect or potential of the house as the principle of potentiality and the finish product, if I had chosen to buy and fix up this house, the principle of actuality.
Internationalization is broadly defined as the process of geographical expansion in international economic operations across national country’s borders (Manolova et al., 2010; Ruzzier et al., 2006; Amal and Rocha Freitag Filho, 2010). According to Ruzzier et al. (2006), a firm operates in international business when a firm sells or buys its products in foreign countries, or cooperates with a foreign counterpart in a certain industry.