Question 1:- What is International Business ? How does it differ from domestic business ?
1.1 Definition of International Business
International business comprises all commercial transactions (private and governmental, sales, investments, logistics, and transportation) that take place between two or more regions, countries and nations beyond their political boundaries. Usually, private companies undertake such transactions for profit; governments undertake them for profit and for political reasons. The term "international business" refers to all those business activities which involve cross-border transactions of goods, services, resources between two or more nations. Transactions of economic resources include capital, skills, people etc. for
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2.1 Absolute Advantage
In economics, the principle of absolute advantage refers to the ability of a party (an individual, or firm, or country) to produce a greater quantity of a good, product, or service than competitors, using the same amount of resources.
Adam Smith first described the principle of absolute advantage in the context of international trade, using labor as the only input. Since absolute advantage is determined by a simple comparison of labor productiveness, it is possible for a party to have no absolute advantage in anything, in that case, according to the theory of absolute advantage, no trade will occur with the other party. It can be contrasted with the concept of comparative advantage which refers to the ability to produce specific goods at a lower opportunity cost.
2.2 Comparative
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The most important external driving forces of an increasing internationalization are the openness to new markets due to liberalization and deregulation, further development in technologies and logistics, as well as shorter product life cycles, and a homogenous consumer behavior whereas internally the strategic-focused attitude of companies represents an essential factor.
There are a variety of reason why companies decide to go abroad and expand their business operation. Organization mainly engage in international business in order to establish competitive advantages and efficiently adapt to the ever-changing business environment. Proactive reasons include growth in term of revenue, sales and customer base, cost savings due to economies of scale or low-cost manufacturing, and reduction of dependency on single national market as well as alternative sources of labor, domestic markets could be already saturated or emerging competitors prevent firms form further its market shares and therefore, stay
To reiterate, let’s construct another example of two companies that produce oranges. Company number one is located in Florida where it’s the perfect environment to produce oranges. Company number two however is located in Toronto, which to be fair, isn 't a suitable environment to produce natural oranges, unless of course they’re produced in a green house. Although both companies are able to grow and produce oranges, company number one has the absolute advantage because they use the much cheaper and natural methods, hence the greater demand. This theory can be contradicted with the concept of comparative advantage, which in description means the ability to produce specific goods at a lower opportunity
Specialization has been firstly established by Adam Smith theory, the absolute advantage. It is a method of production where a business focuses on one limited scope of products or services in order to gain productive efficiency within the entire system of businesses. Many countries, for instance, specialize in producing the goods and services that are native to their part of the world. On the other hand, incomplete specialization still exists with the modern theory, a result of the pure theory of international trade based on two-factors, two-goods Heckscher-Ohlin models. There are factors that make the specialization imperfect in practice; such as, endogenous growth, transportation cost, immobility, and interdependency.
According to HeilBroner in his review of Adam smith’s contribution, economics is all about concepts of wealth production, exchange, distribution and consumption. In that respect, those are the concepts that feature in his review of Smith’s wide array of literal work on the subject with the best summation of the concepts being in his analysis of the book “Wealth of nations”. In that book, Smith’s definition of economics is a science that deals with wealth which comprise of transacted goods and services while his view on production revolves around its determining factors which he defines as being capital, land and labor. On the other hand, Smith views exchange as an economics concept since the produced goods and services requires to be exchanged between economic units for the purpose of achieving a balance between surplus producers and consumers. In regard to distribution, Smith’s view is that the concept deals with allocation of the exchanged goods and services between a society’s units. Finally, Smith’s view on consumption is that it covers u...
Having absolute advantage means a nation or its economy could produce certain goods using less resources at a much lower cost than others. This does not necessarily mean that an economy should produce such a product. However there are...
When it comes to doing business internationally the decision making is more complex. There are many interactions between each country that need to be addressed. In order for a business to be successful in the international market they need to examine and analyze all the facets of their company. They need
According to Teagarden & Cai (2009) Chinese companies have expanded abroad for three reasons. Firstly, ‘to secure natural resources to satisfy the demand of their home costumers for raw and fuel; secondly to identify and secure foreign technology and know-how; finally, to escape home market saturation and ruthless price wars’ (Teagarden & Cai, 2009: 73). In addition, Teagarden & Cai (2009) noted that in order to become multinational firms, Chinese companies followed a pattern of four phases:
1.) Comparative advantage speaks about win-win situation for countries in trade but there are many criticisms regarding comparative advantage theory such as consideration of trade costs, import substitution industrialization and also criticism from a economist Ha- Joon Chang speaking about Technology making Developed countries rich and Developing countries as it were form past. Our Question is based on criticism made by Ha- Joon Chang i.e. developed countries maintain relatively advanced technology and industry compared to developing countries which lead to countries with good technology to export and become richer and countries with low technology lead them to become more poor by importing.
In internationalization, the most challenging decision faced by the company to choose between standardization and adaptation in its operations, products or services. It has been one of the important and most popular research topics since 1960s to understand whether standardization is better or adaptation for marketing mix in international marketing. The increasing role of international expansion of business across the borders has also increased the focus of companies towards the international marketing strategies. It is also a biggest challenge for companies to better understand the different needs and choice of customers due to the huge differences among the cultures from various nationalities. This leads to the dilemma in the mind of marketers to understand which strategy is effective and good - standardization or adaptation. There is a significant impact of standardization or adaptation on all avenues of business such as research & development, structure, marketing mix, production, finance and marketing mix. The attitude of a company towards the culture of a particular country in which it is going to enter or start its operations decides to choose between standardization and adaptation. Consider the different views and arguments for each standardization and adaptation, this essay critically analyze which strategy is better to choose for international marketing.
We all know that comapanies go international for many reasons but always typical goal is comapny growth and expantions. When a company searches for new interesting markets abroad and also hires international employees, using well designed international strategy can for sure expand business on foreign markets. Internalization strategy of companies is now possible because is no problem to manage business by phone or e-mail. There is also no problem to travel by plane from Europe to Asia in few hours what was not possible in past.
Why would a company go international? There are many reasons why companies would go international, but generally a company goes international so they can seek opportunities in domestic markets, or they seek solutions to problems that cannot be solved through domestic operations. There are many profitable possibilities by going internationally and these include greater profit potential, offers new locations to sell products, it may provide better access to needed raw materials, it may access to financial resources from many nations, and lastly it may allow labour-intensive activities to locate in countries with lower labour costs. For a small business to become an international business they must use five guidelines the first is global sourcing, exporting and importing, licensing and franchising, joint ventures, and wholly owned subsidiaries. The first two are market entry strategies and the remaining are direct investment strategies.
All research fully carried out on Entry nodes on the long run remain limited to large manufacturing firms. The foreign market selection and the choice of its entry modes drastically ascertain the performance of a specific firm. Entry mode can be defined as an arrangement for an organization that is organizing and conducting business in foreign countries like contractual transfers, joint ventures, and wholly owned operations (Anderson, 1997). Internationalization is part of a strategy which is going on for businesses and organizations transfers their operations across the national borders (Melin, 1992). The firm that is planning to have the operations across the border will have to choose the country that they are planning to visit. Anderson (1997) argues that the strategic market entry decisions forms a very important part of an organizational strategy. The decision to go international is part of the internationalization strategy of the firm. Multinational Corporations that desire to have international operations will find the strategy to go international, the mode of entry is very important. Even though there are studies which have shown that the main effect of being pioneers in a market promises superior performance in terms of market share and profitability than the late movers, Luo (1997) and other researchers have found out that the effect of the first mover may be conditional and will depend on the mode of strategy that is used (Isobe, & Montgomery, 2000). There are different strategies that MNCs can use to enter new foreign markets; they include exporting, licensing/franchising, full ownership and joint ventures. The mode of exporting entails a company selling its physical products which are usually manufactured outside the...
15. Hill, Charles W.L. International Business: Competing in the Global Marketplace. New York : McGraw-Hill, 2007.
There is one thing that differentiates the international business with the domestic business where it uses more than one currency in the commercial transaction. For example, if a company from British purchases some goods from a company from US, the international transaction will require for exchanging pounds and U.S. dollars which involve the foreign exchange market. In the foreign exchange market, any country that wish to do business with foreign country, the country need to convert their domestic currency into the foreign currency that they are wish to cooperate with through foreign exchange.
Daniels, J. D., Radebaugh, L. H., and Sullivan, D. P., (2011). International Business: Environments and Operations. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey.
Stonehouse, G., Campbell, D., Hamill, J. & Purdie, T. (2004). Global and Transnational Business (2nd ed.). Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.