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Alexander fleming and antibiotics
The Discovery of Antibiotics
Alexander fleming and antibiotics
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1928. A scientist conducting research into bacterial growth is mortified to discover that some of his samples have been contaminated with fungi, no doubt due to poor hygiene. He immediately threw away the samples hoping to prevent the contaminant from spreading to his other samples. When he tried to use the lab wear after he had cleaned it, he found that he was unable to cultivate any bacterial samples in it.
The scientist, Alexander Fleming, had just discovered and destroyed the world’s first anti biotic, penicillin. When he was disposing of the mouldy samples, he had no idea what he was doing. When he learnt of what he had done, he was very distressed. Fortunately, he was able to recover enough of the disposed samples that he was able to cultivate more penicillin, without which none of us would probably be here today.
In the United States, there is a regulatory body called the FCC. The agency is continually being lobbied to advance the corrupt interests of huge corporations.
One of the most recent actions of the FCC threatens to compromise the internet as we know it. In short, ...
The Factor of War in the Development of Penicillin The discovery, development and subsequent use of penicillin can be considered to be one of the most important breakthroughs in medical history. There were many factors, which were involved in the development of penicillin, and it could be argued that war was the most important, but other factors were also responsible. Alexander Fleming was working in London as a bacteriologist in 1928 when he noticed that a growth of a mould called penicillin produced a substance that actually killed the germs he was working on. He realised that this might be very important and a year later he wrote an article about his findings. However, Fleming did not have the facilities or the support to develop and test his idea that penicillin could fight infection, and he didn't develop it further.
Although the net neutrality debate didn’t come into the spot light so long ago, it has sparked controversy in the communications world. This concept provides a positive impact to the consumers, competition and network owners/internet service providers. It broadens the aspect of equality, which the open Internet was first based on. The profound effects on the aforementioned players provide a supported purpose to regulate the notion of net neutrality.
The Open Internet Order establishes two sets of “prophylactic rules” designed to “incorporate longstanding openness principles that are generally in line with current practices.” One set of rules applies to “fixed” broadband providers—i.e., those furnishing residential broadband service and, more generally, Internet access to end users “primarily at fixed end points using stationary equipment” Second, the Order imposes anti-blocking requirements on both types of broadband providers (13). Third, the Order imposes an anti-discrimination requirement on fixed broadband providers only (14). Verizon challenged the FCC claiming that they have over stepped their boundaries, and violated Verizon’s first amendment rights. That the FCC
Additionally, as can be seen with the preceding cases, load on the existing network infrastructure is often cited as a cause for many breaches of net neutrality. Companies also often use the justification that throttling can be acceptable due to the illegal content of some data over certain protocols. Furthermore, ISP’s and political theorists make the argument that upholding net neutrality or signing it into law would stifle competition between the service providers themselves due to the difficulty in recouping costs from building infrastructure and the inability to control the load. Opponents of net neutrality tend to be the providers themselves in most cases, and they lobby politicians to push against regulation in this
...s article “Ma Bell’s Revenge: The battle for Network Neutrality” shows us in a just a few of the hundreds of arguments which have been brought up over the proposal of network neutrality. Network neutrality essentially means that all data gets treated the same by an ISP or service, whether it be an incoming email or a gigantic video file, it’s is based on the principle that Internet users should be in control of what content they view and what applications they choose to use on the Internet. The Internet has operated according to this neutrality principle since its earliest days. In other words, net neutrality is about equal access to the Internet in terms of overall speed. Just as telephone companies are not permitted to tell consumers who they can call or what they can say, broadband carriers should not be allowed to use their market power to control activity online.
The United States only recently introduced net neutrality legislation. Prior to these regulations, the internet functioned in a healthy and fair manner. The rules put in place in 2015 by the Obama administration were attempting to fix a problem that didn’t exist. These rules have limited consumers options rather than protecting them. The FCC under the Obama administration used legislation from the 1930’s and the 1990’s to regulate modern telecom companies. These rules are outdated and ill fitted to regulating modern telecom companies.
Penicillin, derived from the mold Penicillium, is the first antibiotic to successfully treat bacterial infections on humans. It was accidentally discovered by scientist, Alexander Fleming. While Fleming was growing Staphylococcus, a serious and often deadly infection, in a dish, he noticed the bacteria had stopped growing after a mold found its way
Discovery and Development of Penicillin. (2014, April 4). Retrieved from American Chemical Society International Historic Chemical Landmarks: https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/flemingpenicillin.html
Penicillin was one of the very first antibiotics. It is often referred to as "the miracle drug" because of its effectiveness against many harmful and deadly bacteria. With its discovery by Alexander Fleming in 1928, penicillin has proven to be a major contribution to the medical field. Penicillin is responsible for preventing the spreading of infectious illnesses, and for improving military medicine. It has revolutionized the study of medicine, saved countless of lives, and played a key role as a foundation for the development of other efficient antibiotics. The discovery of penicillin has greatly improved the way doctors were able to treat patients and gave way to a new era of antibiotics.
The net neutrality debate has risen once again and taken the country by storm. Supporters of net neutrality - the concept of a completely free and unbiased internet - and the supporters of a regulated, or tiered internet system, that would make people pay for faster internet or faster access to certain services go back and forth constantly. United States Congress and the Federal Communications Commission have differing stances on this issue, along with plenty of American consumers. Governing broadband poses internet service providers with the ability to slow or speed up internet access based on how much people pay for the service. To stop this from happening, net neutrality supporters have made it their mission to attempt to keep a free internet by fighting these restrictions.
At this time the world war was raging all over Europe, and soldiers were dying not only at the hands of soldiers but from bacteria that had set into their wounds as well.In the year 1939 ,ten years after Dr.Fleming presented his findings, Dr.Howard Florey and four other colleagues began to do intensive studies on the properties on penicillin, they succeeded in proving their findings, but only one problem stood in the path of the development of the medicine, “Scientists could not produce the quantities of penicillin needed for clinical trials on humans” stumped by how to grow a mold in bountiful quantities like corn is on fields, the British turned to their American allies for a solution.Dr. Howard Florey and his companion Dr. Norman Heatley flew to the U.S with a small package containing a sample of penicillin to begin with, they set to work with American scientists to produce a way of growing this mold in larger quantities, the end product was a complex with deep vats that had air constantly pumped in and out of them filled with a form of non-alcoholic liquor and other
But, it is also important to note that all of this could have been avoided if the Federal Communications Commission had the foresight to call broadband providers "common carriers." A common carrier easily falls under Title II of the Communications Act. But, under the decision, any Net Neutrality anti-blocking rules are deemed unlawful. So, the Federal Communications Commission does not have the authority to impose or enforce rules that would give the free market favor against the politically and economically powerful network provider.
Penicillin is a rare type of mold that kills bacteria. The discovery of penicillin was made by a scientist named Alexander Fleming. Penicillin was actually discovered by accident when Alexander Fleming left his house for vacation and when he came back he found that there was mold on his dishes and he immediately examined the mold. Fleming was credited with the discovery of penicillin, Florey was credited with making it into a medicine, and Morey was credited with the mass production of penicillin. Most of the development of penicillin happened in the 1900’s but the discovery of penicillin was in 1890.
When the internet first started it was planned to be uncontrolled by any one private person or company. This allowed it to grow the way it did because anyone could access, or even host their own web pages. In January 2010 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) made a press release saying that they will start to allow Internet service providers (ISP) like Comcast and Time warner Cable to control the speed of people internet speed more than they did. This would allow larger companies like Amazon and Apple to pay their ISP more too priorities they customers internet traffic to their site making it load faster.
In 1927, Alexander Fleming had been studying the properties of staphylococci, a genus of gram-positive bacteria. After leaving a sample of staphylococcus alone for a few months, he noticed that the culture had been covered in a fungus. However, the nearby staphylococcus had been completely removed, whereas the cultures farther away had been less affected. Taking the fungi and growing it in a pure culture, and it produced a substance to destroy disease-causing bacteria.