The Technology of Landing on Mars
While just traveling to Mars is a difficult task, landing on the planet has proved to be next to impossible, with only a small fraction of the attempted landings ending in success. Over the years there have been several different designs of Martian landers that have attempted to slip past the proverbial “galactic ghoul” protecting the planet Mars. However, few of these designs have fared successful at landing smoothly. These technologies have ranged from the original Viking using aero braking and rocket power, to the Mars Pathfinder mission’s novel air bag solution. In order to gain insight into the surface of the red planet, landing is a must. Thus, the potential solutions and their benefits and drawbacks must be examined.
The Purpose: Delta V Requirement
To get from orbit around Mars to the surface requires a significant amount of braking. First, the lander in orbit has a large amount of gravitational energy with respect to the surface of the planet. Second, orbiting the planet requires a certain velocity that will be greater than the velocity of rotation of the planet for a low orbit, this excess velocity must be bled off as well.
Energy requirements they are usually expressed in terms of the change in velocity necessary for a given maneuver, or delta-v. To escape from a planet requires a certain increase in velocity and to land requires a certain decrease. Either way, however, energy is required; in absolute terms, the energy required to land should match the energy required to escape. Escaping the surface of the
Earth requires about 11,000 m/s of delta-v. To travel to Mars orbit about 6,000 m/s is required. The smallest portion of the delta-v required is the approximately 5,000 m/s necessary to land on the surface of Mars. (Clarke 221). However, what makes this one of the most interesting phase of the trip is that whereas we pretty much know what to expect from the first two legs of the trip, what types of situations we may encounter on landing are largely unknown.
How To: Methods of Landing
There are several different options to lower the velocity of the lander once it has reached the planet. These options are generally used in combination with one another for maximum effect. Each has its own advantages and drawbacks, but in combination, some of these can be alleviated.
Aerodynamic Drag
The most broadly used, and most useful, of the speed-reduction mechanisms fall under the category of aerodynamic drag.
As I was doing research on this assignment I came across a web page about the effects of gravity on mars as it specifically relates to the projectile path of a curve ball. I know that you cannot believe everything you read, especially when it comes to internet content, but the issue is still worth noting. I will mention this effect when the topic of spin on the ball is discussed. Gravity was the other force that was mentioned by the scientists. This isn’t too particularly exciting, because it’s always in
Since its creation in 1916, the National Park Service (NPS) has had to balance between its two goals, which are to preserve wilderness and nature and to provide the public with access to these wonders in a monitored environment. These two goals tend to create a conflict for the NPS because as soon as one goal is given more priority than the other, the administration of national parks is harshly criticized by the public. The accusation that by allowing people to experience the wilderness, the NPS is corrupting the natural environment is very common, as well, as the criticism towards the lack of government funding to preserve nature and history. However, regardless of arguable criticism and a certain need for improvement, after one hundred years,
While the Indus people believed in reincarnation, the re-emergence of human life in different forms and states, the Egyptians’ main aim was to make a successful journey to the afterlife, once someone passed on, in order to join their immortal gods, especially Osiris, the god of the underworld (The Metropolitan Museum of Art, n.d). Suffice to say, the two civilization believed in immortality and knew death to be a temporary feature – a bridge connecting one’s present life and their
Geb, the God of earth, and Nut the goddess of the sky, were born to Shu and Tefnut. Shu lifted Nut to tower over Geb. Nut and Geb then had four children. Their names were Isis, Seth, Osiris, and Nephthys. Osiris and Isis were king and queen over earth. One day, Seth killed Osiris, because he was jealous and wanted to be king over the earth. Osiris was then sent to the underworld, and Seth became king of the earth. Horus, Osiris and Isis’ son fought Seth and became king of the earth, and Osiris king of the underworld.
Simply put, the less weight your dragster has, the faster it will go. This is the most important factor that will figure into your design. Keep it light!
While this was most likely not his intention, his rhetoric would lay the foundation of what the average American expected to experience, and see, when out in nature. Muir’s definition of wilderness was grounded in the most aesthetically pleasing a specific environment could be, not human presence; although humans do have a habit of natural destruction. While discussing the found in Black Hills Reserve he includes arnica as one of plants, which, “Give abundance of color and make all the woods a garden” (Muir). Interestingly, Arnica, also known as Wolfsbane, is an invasive species brought over from Northern Europe. To Muir the components of a wilderness, “as pure as paradise” do not necessarily have to be traditionally native as long as it is beautiful. By placing this emphasis on beauty in the wilderness the American people expected to see a beautiful wilderness, although in reality these two are not mutually exclusive. Muir supported a form of natural improvement in which alterations to the natural world are made, but not with any economic value in mind. Interestingly, Muir suggests that our wildness is a commodity to which, we are glad to see how much of even the most destructible kind is still unspoiled”. (Muir) By the time the National Park Service was founded in 1916 the American people wanted to be entertained by, and in, nature
The web has in recent years brought new concerns about privacy in an age where technology indefinitely stores and records all social media aspects, every online photo posted, every status update, blogs and twitter posts by and about us will be stored forever available for future generations to see. At the heart of the Internet culture is a force that wants to find out everything about you. In 2010 Microsoft published a report that stated that 75 percent of United States recruiters and human resource professionals that they surveyed are not only checking online sources to learn about potential candidates, but they also reported that their companies have made online screening a formal requirement before hiring any candidates. Of the recruiters and human resource professionals surveyed 70 percent say they rejected candidates based on information found on social media site. This has lead so many people’s awareness about online privacy and the need to control public access to private accounts by online privacy settings in order to protect they online and real world reputation. There have been legal suits against many sites and employer’s over the invasion of privacy on the internet. The authenticity of what the recruiters find on these social media sites should be questioned.
Known as the great benefactor of humanity, Osiris principal function as the God of the dead was to judge the deceased soul. Souls that where found pure and sinless where admitted to the Realms of bliss .If Osiris found your soul to be associated with sin or crime, it was thrown to Amenti. He was a horrid god with the face of a crocodile, front of a leopard and the back of a rhinoceros. Amenti would consume the soul in its frightening jaws. He can be referred to the image or idea of the devil in our present time. Both Amenti and the Devil are known as afterlife tortures.
As the world population grows at an astonishing rate, our mother earth is getting very crowded. Our natural resources are being overused and the land available for life is getting smaller and smaller. Farmers have to find ways to make what land they have usable and profitable. Farmers in general are a shrinking population. How does this relate to the general public? Without farmers we would not have food, without food we will all die. The world is realizing this problem and the best way to solve it is to find more land for habitat. We can not tack on a few million acres to earth and start using that, so we have to find somewhere else to go.
The aerodynamic efficiency is the single most important element in designing a competitive car for professional racing or getting the car model on the front of a Car and Driver or Motortrend. Aerodynamics is the study of the motion of gases on objects and the forces created by this motion. The Bernoulli effect is one of the most important behind car design. The Bernoulli Effect states that the pressure of a fluid, in gaseous or liquid state, varies inversely with speed or velocity and a slower moving fluid will exert more pressure on and object than the same fluid moving slower (Yager). The goal of car designers is to make the air passing under a car move faster than the air passing over the car. This causes the air passing over the car to create more downforce than the air passing under the car creates upforce creating a force additional to the car’s weight pushing the car to the road. Large amounts of downforce are needed to keep light cars grounded at high speed and keep to cars from sliding around turns at high speeds.
Ancient Egyptian Religious Beliefs (Afterlife Beliefs): In order to arrive in the afterlife a person had to go through thick and thin. To arrive in heaven a person had to have lived a good life and had to have made good choices in their life. That same person then had to be specially mummified. Then they had to have a special ceremony called the opening of the mouth ceremony performed upon them. Once the ceremony was properly performed that person’s spirit called the ba and ka must reunite together and
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Mars http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20091217101627AAs 3 Fw 6 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_of_Mars http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20081008001921AA40Psp http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Shuttle http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlessness#Human_health_effects
Ancient Egyptian Religious Beliefs (Afterlife Beliefs): In order to arrive in the afterlife a person had to go through thick and thin. To arrive in heaven a person had to have lived a good life and had to have made good choices in their life. That same person then had to be specially mummified. Then they had to have a special ceremony called the opening of the mouth ceremony performed upon them. Once the ceremony was properly performed that person’s spirit called the ba and ka must reunite together
In the last few years, social networks have exploded in popularity. Web sites such as Facebook and Twitter have dominated how societies communicate. People cannot seem to get enough of social media. The sites influence many parts of people 's lives. There are both good and bad sides to this phenomenon. It is a question of whether the positives of social media outweigh the negatives. On one side, social networks provide an easy way to connect with family, friends, and loved ones. The ease of communication is the main draw of sites like Facebook. With the kind of information sharing present on Facebook, problems can arise. For example, identification theft and abductions can be assisted with information found on Facebook. Is the ease of communication present in social networks worth the risk of having a great deal of information available for anyone to see?
... only for interaction but also as medium of information. Social media focus on the ability of people to collaborate and share information online. Social media are to help people keep in touch whether they are living far off with to each other. In social media it may lead to negative side when these tools being misused by the user where they are interference into user privacy. This shows that there will be many more threats and risks the user will face if they do not take active steps to protect their privacy, rather than relying on the social networking sites policies. (Krishnamurthy & Wills, 2008).