The TRACE Model Developed By Mcclelland And Elman?

INTRODUCTION

THE TRACE MODEL
The TRACE model was developed by McClelland and Elman in 1986. The main aim of the TRACE model is to identify single words. It is a connectionist model and a good example of interactive model. The model is based on the principles of interactive activation. Information processing take place by the interaction of a large number of simple processing units. Each unit works to update its own activation on the basis of activation of other units to which it is connected. This model is called Trace model because the network of units forms a structure called “THE TRACE” .The model is divided into two programs
1. TRACE I.
2. TRACE II.
TRACE I deals with the problems in recognizing phonemes from real speech by identifying phonemes as a function of

McClelland and Elman originally implemented TRACE as C program that has been the basis of all TRACE research to-date. There is ample evidence that sources (acoustic cues, semantic context etc.) of information are used in recognising words and the phonemes they contain. Indeed, as Cole and Rudnicky (1983) noted that these basic facts were described in early experiments by Bagley (1900) over 80 years ago. Cole and Rudnicky pointed out that the work of Trace model has added clarity in detail to these basic findings but has not laid to a theoretical synthesis that provides a satisfactory account of these and many other basic aspects of speech perception. The Trace model approach grew out of a number of early ideas, some coming first from research on spoken language recognition ( Marslen-Wilson) and Welsh, 1978; Morton ,1969 ; Reddy ,1976) and others arising from more general considerations of interactive parallel processing (Anderson,1977 ; Grossberg, 1978; McClelland ,1979 )