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Nyc stop and frisk research anthony
Stop and frisk controversy
Stop and frisk controversy
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Each year thousands of Americans are stopped by the police in order to be questioned and frisked. Everyone understands that each stop, question and frisk encounter violated the established constitutional rights. The legal issues which refer to the Stop, Question, and Frisk policy are associated with violation of certain rules that create a debate regarding the validity of the practices. The controversial Stop, Question, and Frisk practices require thorough investigation. It is illegal to aggressively stop and question American citizens who merely enter public places. In many cases, law enforcement personnel uses creative ways to stop, question and frisk people who have shown no evidence of being involved in criminal activity. For example, the New York Police Department’s “Operation Clean Halls” has been used since 1991 allowing local police officers to conduct the so-called “vertical patrols” by providing well-organized stop-and-frisk searches in hallways of public buildings (Mathias, 2012). Actually, the Stop, Question, and Frisk practiced in New York City by the City Police Department stands for the legal procedure, which requires stop and question thousands of people, as well as frisk them for weapons, drugs and other contraband. In fact, the Stop, …show more content…
The researchers highlight the impact of innovations implemented in the New York police strategies. It has been found that the New York City Police Department (NYPD) has contributed to the crime drop in the area over the last years. They examined the data on crime and stop, question and frisks policy implementation in order to prove the fact that the stop, question and frisks practices are “concentrated at crime hot spots” (Weisburd et al., 2014, p. 129). The researchers raise concerns regarding possible negative effects of the stop, question and frisks
The factor of racial profiling comes into play as federal grant programs award police for rounding up as many people as possible. This very tactic was demonstrated by the CompStat system in New York City and further expounded by Victor M. Rios’s analysis of the themes over-policing and under-policing. These themes focus on how officers, police certain kinds of deviance and crime such as, loitering, or disturbing the peace, while neglecting other instances when their help is needed . Rios also stresses how the accumulation of minor citations like the ones previously mentioned, play a crucial role in pipelining Black and Latino young males deeper into the criminal justice system. Rios implies that in order to decrease the chances with police interaction one must not physically appear in a way that catches the attention of a police or do anything behavior wise that would lead to someone labeling you as deviant . Unfortunately, over-policing has made it difficult even for those who actually do abide by social norms because even then, they have been victims of criminalization . However, since structural incentives like those that mimic CompStat are in place, police simply ignore constitutional rules and are able to get away with racial profiling, and thus interrogate, and search whomever they please. Since these targeted minorities acknowledge the fact that the police are not always present to enforce the law, they in turn learn strategies in order to protect themselves from violence that surrounds them. Young African American Americans and Latino youth thus become socialized in the “code of the street”, as the criminal justice system possesses no value in their
According to Kelling, Pate, Dieckman, & Brown (1974), patrol is the “backbone” of police work. This belief is based around the premise that the mere presence of police officers on patrol prohibits criminal activity. Despite increasing budgets and the availability of more officers on the streets, crime rates still rose with the expanding metropolitan populations (Kelling et al., 1974). A one year experiment to determine the effectiveness of routine preventive patrol would be conducted, beginning on the first day of October 1972, and ending on the last day of September 1973.
Rengifo & Slocum (2016) concentrated on community policing procedure that was implemented in New York City known as “Stop-and Frisk,” also known as “Terry Stop.” Stop-and Frisk” was a method that was implemented by the New York City Police Department in which an officer stops a pedestrian and asked them a question, and then frisks them for any weapon or contraband. The data for this study was collected from 2005-2006 from an administrative area known as Community District1 in South Bronx, New York. This area is composed of the following neighborhoods: Melrose, Pork Morris, and Mott Haven. Majority of the population in this
In 1990, there was a total of 2,245 murders in New York, but over the past nine years, this total has been less than 600 (NYCLU). However, there has not been evident proof that the stop-and-frisk procedure is the reason of the declination of the crime rate. Indeed, stop-and-frisk contributes to some downturn of crime but the number is not high enough for the citizen and police to rely on. Specifically, only 3% of 2.4 million stops result in conviction. Some 2% of those arrests – or 0.1% of all stops – led to a conviction for a violent crime. Only 2% of arrests led to a conviction for possession of a weapon (Gabatt, A., 2013). In other words, the decrease in crime due to stop-and-frisk is mostly due to the discovery of possessed of weapons. Therefore, stop-and- frisk is not an effective procedure to use because it does not represent a huge impact in people’s safety (Gabatt, A., 2013). The author has done research about how police base their initiation towards the procedure of stop-and-frisk. Researchers have found that stop-and-frisk is a crime prevention strategy that gives a police officer the permission to stop a person based on “reasonable suspicion” of criminal activity and frisk based on “reasonable suspicion” that the person is armed and dangerous. This controversy is mainly because of racial profiling. “Reasonable suspicion” was described by the court as “common sense” (Avdija, A., 2013). Although, the
One of the biggest reason stop-and-frisk should be abolished is in hopes to decrease such blatant racial profiling that has been going on under the name of “stop-and-frisk”. In 2007, 55% of the people stopped in New York were blacks and 30% were Hispanic (“Update: Crime and Race”). When checked again in 2011 a total of 685,000 people were stopped by the police of that 685,000, 52.9% were African Americans, 33.7% were Latino, and 9.3% were white (“Racial Profiling”). There is a story of an innocent victim of the stop-and-frisk policy, a man by the name of Robert Taylor. Police in Torrance stopped the elderly man and claimed he fit the description of a suspect that was linked to a robbery. But there was one simple problem; Taylor is a light complexioned, tall, 60 year-old man and the suspect was believed to be a short, dark complexioned, stocky man in his thirties; nothing like Taylor at all (Hutchinson). His shows that the police do not always stop people based on the right reasons, they tend to stop people based on the color of thei...
The United States District Court held that the NYPD procedures to stop and frisk were unconstitutional. They held that there were unconstitutional because the stop and frisk procedure was performed predominantly more on Black and Hispanics and was considered racial profiling. The use of racial profiling is unconstitutional and a violation of one’s fourth and fourteenth amendment rights. The fourth amendment of the constitution protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures, while the fourteenth amendment grants individuals equal protection outlined in “equal protection clause.” Officials must have probable cause or reasonable suspicion to issue the search or seizure of any individual. In the case of stop and frisk in New York City individuals' rights were being violated because officers were conducting searches on the basis of race, without any probable cause or suspicion. It is illegal to racial profile individual and because these searches were being conducted under the basis of race officer was also in violation of the equal protection clause which doesn't allow individuals to be discriminated on based on their race in which officer were doing. Stop and Frisk became very unconstitutional in the eyes of the law and many New
3.The stop and frisk strategy, or in other places known as the Terry Stop, in New York is a practice of the New York Police Department. The officers would stop and question a person that happens to be walking on the street. They were frisked for weapons and contraband. The frisking of the person includes a pat down of the outside of the individuals clothing. If any concealed weapons were found during the frisk the officer was allowed to seize the weapon and proceed with an arrest. If the officer did not find any concealed weapons or contraband on the person, they were free to be released.The rules are based on the Supreme Court's decision in the Terry v. Ohio. The stops were conducted based on reasonable suspicion. That defines the difference
tactics used in the world. Sometimes even though it may look like there was a reduction in crime, it is not always clear on if there was a sole explanation to an overall decrease in crime or if there were multiple justifications for the decline. In the case of stop and frisks, at least in New York City, the negatives outweigh the positives. “The New York City policy of aggressive stops and frisks had an extremely negative impact on its principle targets” which have “major implications for crime reduction.” (109) Those implications being the legitimacy of the criminal justice system itself.
The Stop and Frisk program, set by Terry vs. Ohio, is presently being implemented by the New York Police Department. It grants police officers the ability to stop a person, ask them questions and frisk if necessary. The ruling has been a NYPD instrument for a long time. However, recently it has produced a lot of controversy regarding the exasperating rate in which minorities, who regularly fall under assault and are irritated by the police. The Stop, Question and Frisk ruling should be implemented correctly by following Terry’s vs. Ohio guidelines which include: reasonable suspicion that a crime is about to be committed, identifying himself as a police officer, and making reasonable inquiries.
The stop and frisk policy have been controversial because they promoted many evils including racism and police brutality. The policy may have worked to prevent terrorism but it may not have had significant impact on other crimes in the last two decades. After the 2001 terrorist attacks, the stop and risk policy was used extensively in New York. However, the habit of intensive screening of Middle Eastern males was for all the States; it encouraged racial profiling and retribution. I agree with the argument that the policy has been utilized differently in New York depending on who occupies the Mayor’s office.
Walker, S., & Katz, C. (2012). Police in America: An Introduction (8th Edition ed.). New York:
In New York there is a law called the Stop and Frisk this law promotes racial profiling because police are to confront a person they believe to be suspicious in order to stop or prevent a crime ("Stop And Frisk"). This type of search is limited and does not require a warrant. ("Stop And Frisk"). The police will stop and pat you down to check for any weapons or drugs that may be on the person in question to help deter criminal activity ("Stop And Frisk"). This law has received a lot of backlash since being instated because it is believed that this law has violated the rights of minority groups. Between January 2004 and June 2012 4.4 million stops took place 83% of the stopped population were minorities while 80% of those stops required no further action (Makarechi).
The author focuses on the U.S. Task Force on 21st Century Policing and Police Data Initiative or PDI to determine if it helps to restore trust and the broken relationship between and communities and police officers. The Task Force made by Barack Obama recommended the analysis of department policies, incidents of misconduct, recent stops and arrests, and demographics of the officers. The PDI has tasked 21 cities to comprehend the police behavior and find out what to do to change it. Also PDI was said to have data and information on vehicle stops and shootings by police officers. The use of statistics has a purpose to help rebuild trust and the relationship between and communities and police officers.
Police officers are violating the 14th amendment by engaging in racial profiling when they stop people on the streets. “The long-awaited de...
Over the past few decades, there have been many approaches in which have evolved surrounding American policing. From an institution which was originally known for being conservative and often times resistance to chance, many approaches began to emerge and eventually become adopted, in result of several studies suggesting the “standard model” of policing as ineffective, civil unrest, and the challenges of a rapidly evolving society during the 1970s. According to Kelling et al. (1974) and Superman and Broken (1981), such studies suggested that standardized practices, such as, preventative patrol or responding rapidly to police calls had a very little impact on crime itself or the fear of crime within communities (As cited in Weisburd and Eck,