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Brief history of public relations essay
History of public relations essay
Ancient history of public relations
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In the beginning of mankind history communications were interpersonal. Then they transformed into public communications in Antiquity and Middle Ages. The next step was functional PR - the communications of the organisations. In 19th century PR became an occupation. Nowadays PR is a social system. So that we can analyse it from a position of a social phenomenon. The media sphere changes every day, mainly because of the dependence on technologies that develop extremely fast. And it means the new concepts and theories in PR get renewed nearly on a daily basis. However, the principles remain the same, and some great, basic concepts still can be applied to the modern age. In my opinion, modern theories (starting from 1980s from Grunig and Hunt) mostly give practical advice and sometimes are not that deep, fundamental. The theoretical basement is rooted to both 19th and 20th century concepts. All of them should be learned by the PR practitioners. That is why my essay is focused on the late XIX - early ХХ century social concepts, so that we can can look at PR from the original social theory point of view. I would like to go through some ideas of such modern social theoreticians as Marx, Durkheim, Weber (till 1920) and apply them to different the different topics, which are relevant nowadays and are connected with the debates about democracy. All of these philosophers chosen have changed the world with their ideas. We will try to understand how these basic concepts can work for PR. One of the Marx's concepts is entitled False Consciousness. It was actually a phrase of Engels in a letter to Franz Mehring in 1893 (Ken Morrison, Formations of Modern Social Thought: 314). Marx later used it in his Capital. This idea means that the l... ... middle of paper ... ...d. A factory closure, product recall, environmental damage or even industrial accident, can be handled in such a way as to present the corporate as being fully accountable, open to criticism, understandably fallible, and above all, able to identify a problem and provide a solution. In summary, stakeholders are more likely to trust a corporate brand if they see those human qualities than if they see a wall of authority. In conclusion, the great thinkers and commentators of the last 150 years have in any ways anticipated the current new media age, which has democratized the media channels, turning consumers into editors and publishers. Interestingly, large organisations including companies that have been very slow to respond to the challenges of this new landscape have been caught, like rabbits headlights, by the publics, whom they have traditionally controlled.
Over the centuries, the media has played a significant role in the shaping of societies across the globe. This is especially true of developed nations where media access is readily available to the average citizen. The media has contributed to the creation of ideologies and ideals within a society. The media has such an effect on social life, that a simple as a news story has the power to shake a nation. Because of this, governments around the world have made it their duty to be active in the regulation and control of media access in their countries. The media however, has quickly become dominated by major mega companies who own numerous television, radio and movie companies both nationally and internationally. The aim of these companies is to generate revenue and in order to do this they create and air shows that cater to popular demand. In doing so, they sometimes compromise on the quality of their content. This is where public broadcasters come into perspective.
The Enlightenment was characterized by the emergence of philosophes who advocated for critical thinking and reasoning. Marx shared some common things and even was influenced by Enlightenment thinkers. Works of Rousseau, John Lock and Hegel were believed to be inspiration to Marx. In his book Das Kapital (Capital), Karl Marx adopted the idea of Jock Locke that human existence is directly related to requirement to fulfill basic needs( Hunt ,718). Marx believed the most important thing that distinguishes human beings from other creatures is that humans produce their means of subsistence. Despite the fact that Rousseau and Marx differed in the idea of Government and state, both attacked private property. According to Marx, it is the existence
Ritzer, George 2008. “Karl Marx.” P 61 in Sociological Theory New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Media Now Communications in the Information Age. The. Belmont: Wadsworth, Thompson Learning, 2002. 153. The 'Standard' of the 'Standard' Wallace, Bill. A. A.
The discipline of public relations is a modern profession which has been in existence for only close to a century; however, it has already taken an important role in the fields of business, government, entertainment and non-profit organizations including educational institutions and healthcare organizations. Public relations professionals are required to have excellent organizational, interpersonal and communication skills and have the ability to persuade the public. It is imperative for PR professionals to effectively communicate with its public in order to establish and maintain a positive relationship. Furthermore, public relations professionals must have the ability to work under pressure and effectively manage crisis which may have detrimental effect on the company and the public it serves. State purpose of paper and an overview of what will be covered in the introduction
Twitter has grabbed attention of a variety of professions from sports analysts to business executives. Twitter can be used to share information, provide advice, and promote events. The multiple ways Twitter is used is very similar to the duties of a public relations professional. Although Twitter is used to supplement the tools that are already available for PR professionals, twitter is a great way to accommodate practices exorcised during the proactive stage of the conflict management life cycle. Many PR professional and agencies have started to merge Twitter in everyday practice. In particular, Landis Communication, Simply Zesty, and Bill Stoller have taken advantage of Twitter to further their work in the public relations field. While monitoring the three twitter accounts a distinctive pattern in the information shared presented a direct connection with the three subcategories of the proactive stage.
In order to understand new media, one must first have a solid background of the old media. The old media traces its origins back to the “elite or partisan press [that] dominated American journalism in the early days of the republic” (Davis 29). With the advent of the penny press around 1833, the press changed its basic purpose and function from obtaining voters for its affiliated political party to making profit (Davis 29). With more available papers, individual companies competed with each other with “muckraking journalism”—investigative journalism exposing corruption—and “yellow journalism”—sensationalist journalism that completely disregarded the facts (Davis 30). The press continued to evolve its journalistic approaches and next shifted to “lapdog journalism,” r...
With the Internet and technological devices in today’s world, it has become much easier and faster to retrieve the intriguing headlines that people want to discuss. Today’s media covers many social first world problems and that is what people like to hear. In James Fallows’ article, “Learning to Love the (Shallow, Divisive, Unreliable) New Media,” he discusses that aged media is diminishing with the
Q1. Grunig and Repper (1992) proposed a model of strategic management of public relations. Sung (2004) commented that the model emphasizes Public relations has a significant role in the process of an organization’s strategic management by identifying stakeholders, publics, and issues around the consequences facing the organization.
It’s a question that keeps floating around in the public sphere: is print advertising and newspapers dead? The world is becoming more and more fast-paced and although, our want and need for the up-to-date news and breaking stories has not changed, the way in which we consume it has. This background report investigates and explains the downfall of the newspaper and the technological shift to online news. It will also discuss differing opinions of this relevant topic of the future of journalism from a range of reliable primary sources and investigative data.
As a German philosopher, a politician, and an important figure within the Communist League, Karl Heinrich Marx birthed a new way of looking at things through his beliefs, ideas, and writings. Karl Marx was considered to be “…certainly one of the most important minds of modern times”(1). He wanted to know more about philosophy, so that he might understand the political and social system better.
Marx, Karl, and David McLellan. Karl Marx: selected writings. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.
Marx focused providing citizens with political literature to understand their social class consciousness complexity and domestic state affairs. Lenin took Marx’s theory a step further with implying that reform is only radical when in the form of revolution through governmental institutions, but he fails consider to the significance of social class plays to society overall consciousness. In addition, reform do not necessary needs ti be revolutionary in order to be radical. Today’s essay will assess the validity of that
Journalism: a profession under pressure? Journal of Media Business Studies, 6, 37-59. Scannell, P. (1995). The 'Secondary'. Social aspects of media history, Unit 9 of the MA in Mass. Communications (By Distance Learning).
Public relations is everywhere today. It is a practice that has become an important aspect of any business venture. Whether an organization is not for profit, for profit, or governmental, they still need and desire to communicate their purpose within the community and public relations allows this to happen. There are several publics in which the PR practitioner must correspond with and each requires a different means of communication. Internal publics are inside the organizations such as clerks, managers, and stockholders. "External publics are those not directly connected to the organization: the press, government, educators, customers, suppliers, and the community" (Seitel, 2004). Each public plays a key role in the PR of the organization. The many functions of PR can also be categorized based on what purpose they serve the organization.