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Do social inequalities cause crime
Criminological theory quizlet
Criminological theory quizlet
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The two theoretical approaches I have chosen to compare to the study of crime are Functionalism and Marxism. I have done so, as I believe both theories are important/ significant to the study of crime and differentiate from each other. I will do this by writing a critique the advantages and disadvantages of both of the theories and thus, resulting in my own personal opinion in the conclusion.
Marxism derived from German philosophers Karl Marx (also a political economist/ sociologist) and Friedrich Engels in the middle of the 1800s. ‘Marxism is based on the idea that society is defined by the conflict between the ruling class (Bourgeoisie) and the working class (Proletariat) and these beings the two main classes’ (Hart, 2013). It states that those who have money and power in essence control society, and those without ways and means do not; and are at the mercy of the powerful and wealthy. In addition, Marxism considers the working class inferior to the ruling class as they get paid the lowest kind of pay and are removed from their work and is and exploited by their bosses (e.g. owners of the factory). Marxism also looks at/examines the social structure (structurally) and says that capitalism will ultimately fail (most likely through revolution such as what was seen in France among 1789 and 1799 and in Russia in 1917). In reference to the study of crime, to Marx the law is not something that upholds the interests of everyone but only the ruling class for instance white-collar crime would be encouraged to be ignored. Contrastingly, Functionalism which was first introduced by Emile Durkheim in 1894 and gained momentum in the mid-1900s, and believed that unlike Marxism which is dependent on that of the ruling class in society, e...
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...r on “Marxism, functionalism, and game theory”. 1982. 11 (4), pp. 483-495. Available from: doi: 10.1007/BF00162325.
Sciences360.com. 2014. Crime according to Marxism and Functionalism by William Menna | Sciences 360. [online] Available at: http://www.sciences360.com/index.php/crime-according-to-marxism-and-functionalism-16145/ [Accessed: 10 Jan 2014].
Shields, S. 1975. Functionalism, Darwinism, and the psychology of women. American Psychologist, 30(7) (1935-990X), pp. 739-754. Available at: http://web.ebscohost.com.ezproxy.hope.ac.uk/ehost/detail?sid=3fc226ef-3f32-4b57-9f0c-89acb4bcade1%40sessionmgr111&vid=4&hid=4101&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#db=pdh&AN=1975-29522-001 [Accessed: 10th Jan 2014].
Sociology at Twynham. 2014. What is functionalism?. [online] Available at: http://sociologytwynham.com/2008/06/08/what-is-functionalism/ [Accessed: 10 Jan 2014].
Due to my understanding of the three theoretical concepts so far – I have solid believes of emotions, therefore I believe the idea of Dualism rather than Monism and Functionalism. There is evidence that Functionalism did not fit into a society quite well. Referred to Jeffery Alexander, associated groups of Americans and Europeans who previously have taken Functionalism towards left wing, there were some criticisms form feminists due to rejections on one gender group (Johnson, 1993, pp.
Marxism is a method of analysis based around the concepts developed by the two German philosophers Karl Marx and Fredrich Engel, centered around the complexities of social-relations and a class-based society. Together, they collaborated their theories to produce such works as The German Ideology (1846) and The Communist Manifesto (1848), and developed the terms ‘’proletariat’ and ’bourgeois’ to describe the working-class and the wealthy, segmenting the difference between their respective social classes. As a result of the apparent differences, Marxism states that proletariats and bourgeoisie are in constant class struggle, working against each other to amount in a gain for themselves.
Marxism is a social structural theory. This means that marxists, like functionalists believe that society and the way it is structured are the main causes of crime. Unlike functionalists, who argue that crime and deviance are inevitable in all kinds of society, marxists argue that crime is only inevitable in capitalist societies and that capitalism by its very nature is criminogenic. Marxists view law as part of the superstructure, which in marxist theory is defined as the institutions and culture considered to result from or reflect the economic system or infrastructure underlying a society and is by capitalists and for capitalists. These laws are only enforced on the proletariat. Evidence of this is society’s general ignorance of white-collar crime. Marxists also believe that even laws that appear to benefit the proletariat, such as health and safety, actually benefit the capitalists, as they make healthy workers to earn them profit. Neo-marxism or critical criminology is a newer philosophy, having arisen from marxist theories and social action theories. A Fully Social Theory of Deviance was a book written by criminologists Taylor, Walton and Young that combines traditional marxism with Neo-marxism.
but we also need to be able to make up our own minds and direct our
“No system of distribution can satisfy everyone, since there is no obviously “right” or “fair” way to distribute power, privilege, and prestige” (Nolan. Lenski, 2004: 269). Functionalism is a theory that could explain why Marx’s predictions have not been realized. Functionalism may be defined as the “theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability” (Moffit, n.d). Unlike Marxist, functionalist believe that society is abundant due to presence of roles, status and norms into social hierarchy—there isn’t just a separation of dominants and impotent. (Sociologyguide, n.d). Functionalists believe society to be a complex system made up of interdependent and interrelated parts; each part is a vital piece of society. The malfunction of a part could indicate or even provoke disruption within society (faculty.upi,n.d). (potmd,2012) Functionalist agree that
The first major functionalist thinker was Emile Durkheim (1858-1917), although subsequently there have been numerous other significant contributors in the establishment of functionalist rationale, the most notable being Talcott Parsons (1902-1979). Functionalism theorises that society is made up of various social institutions, a social institution is a group of people organised for a specific purpose or purposes. The family is viewed as the cornerstone of society...
While Marx did not delve deeply into crime and criminal activity, he argued that laws were put in place by the upper classes of society to serve their needs, most important being the suppression of other classes. His influence has been prodigious where governments, including the Chinese and the Soviet Union, and a movement that call themselves Marxists who at some point were more than the number of Christians in the world (Rader, 1979). This illustrates his conventional yet controversial way of thinking that has reverberated across societies and institutions. The opening statement that was made by Karl Marx will be resonated throughout this analysis into the Marxist theories, giving an in-depth scrutiny of the history and background of this theory, highlighting the critics of the theory and providing an example of the theory. The theory’s validity in the modern world and if it can be sustained given the changes on his depiction of society and the society as it exists today.
The world is a very complex system with over a 100 diverse cultures and norms. Religion, wealth, poverty, and political diversity pull us apart. Since the beginning of time humans were never similar for a purpose. What if we try? Try to find our differences more alike in ways we never thought of. What will happen when these views and perspectives coincides with one another?
Functionalism is a materialist stance in the philosophy of mind that argues that mental states are purely functional, and thus categorized by their input and output associations and causes, rather than by the physical makeup that constitutes its parts. In this manner, functionalism argues that as long as something operates as a conscious entity, then it is conscious. Block describes functionalism, discusses its inherent dilemmas, and then discusses a more scientifically-driven counter solution called psychofunctionalism and its failings as well. Although Block’s assertions are cogent and well-presented, the psychofunctionalist is able to provide counterarguments to support his viewpoint against Block’s criticisms. I shall argue that though both concepts are not without issue, functionalism appears to satisfy a more acceptable description that philosophers can admit over psychofunctionalism’s chauvinistic disposition that attempts to limit consciousness only to the human race.
Winslow, R. W., & Zhang, S. (2008). Contemporary Theories of Crime. Criminology: a global perspective (). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Pearson/Prentice Hall.
...ifferent crime patterns and thought processes of criminals. The reasons can only come from these theories and will help the justice systems become more prepared to react towards different crimes. However, with adding some enhancements, projects and experiments these two theories have the potential to change the criminology realm forever.
Wilson, James and Herrnstein, Richard. "Crime & Human Nature: The Definitive Study of the Causes of Crime" New York: Free Press, 1998.
This essay will examine what a Marxist Sociologist is and what are the differences between Marxism and other Sociological perspectives. One key focus of this essay will be on Karl Marx’s conflict theory and two other sociological perspectives namely; Functionalism and Social action theory. Another key focus of this essay will be to contrast the dissimilarities of the ideologies and beliefs of functionalism and conflict theory. This essay will discuss these sociological theories over other perspectives in sociology due to the influential impact these theories have had on the development of later sociological theories. To contribute additional comparison of sociological theories this essay will examine and contrast Max Webber’s social action
Ø In particular with Durkheim’s work, it is too optimistic and maintains the idea of social solidarity as the main theme, and simply believes pathologies can be solved through simple social reform, ignoring any problems or conflict and the affects. Ø Marxists argue that the modern family is organised to support and benefit the ruling class and the capitalist economy, rather than benefiting all of society. In particular, they accuse functionalists for ignoring the fact that power is not equally distributed in society. Some groups have more wealth and power than others and may be able to impose their norms and values as less powerful groups.