To be clean or not to be !!!
What is soap??
What is detergent???
SOAP
A soap has a large non-ionic hydrocarbon group and an ionic group COO-Na+
soap
Soaps are the sodium and potassium salts of the long chain carboxylic acid. A soap molecule consists of a long hydrocarbon chain (composed of carbons and hydrogens) with a carboxylic acid on one end which is ionic bonded to metal ions usually a sodium or potassium.
Examples of Soaps Sodium Stearate Sodium Palmitate Sodium Oleate
How to Make Soap??
• Process of making soap by the hydrolysis of fats and oils with alkalies : saponification.
• Soap is made by heating animal fats or vegetable oil with concentrated sodium hydroxide(NaOH).
• Fat or Oil + NaOH Soap + Glycerol
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Detergents
Advantages:
As detergents are the salts of strong acids, they do not decompose in acidic medium. They can effectively clean fabric even if the water is acidic.
Synthetic detergents are more soluble in water than soaps.
They have a stronger cleansing action than soaps.
As detergents are derived from petroleum, they save on natural vegetable oils, which are important as essential cooking medium.
Disadvantages:
Many detergents are resistant to the action of biological agents and thus are not biodegradable. Their elimination from municipal wastewaters by the usual treatments is a problem.
They have a tendency to produce stable foams in rivers that extend over several hundred meters of the river water. This is due to the effects of surfactants used in their preparation. Thus, they pose a danger to aquatic
...ppm of DDT. Effective degradation was achieved with an inoculum pre-exposed to DDT for 72 hours. In the presence of auxiliary carbon sources citrate and rice straw hydrolysate, the degradation was inhibited. In the presence of yeast extract, peptone, and glycerol and tryptone soya broth, there was a complete disappearance of DDT. The optimum conditions for degradation are mesophilic temperatures, (30-40 degrees Celsius) and a near neutral pH. (Science Direct-Aerobic Degradation of DDT by Serratia Marcescens).
They are also used in a variety of common products and processes. Sodium lauryl sulfate is a strong detergent used for removing oils and grease and is found in many household cleaning products, face and body washes and shampoos.
Stephenson, R., & Blackburn, J. J. (1998). The Industrial Wastewater Systems Handbook. New York: Lewis Publishers.
To help counteract the bank erosion along the part of the river that cuts through the town, people have filled in parts of the river with rock, as well as leveling the banks of the river to make it more of a slope. The goal in this was to slow down the erosion rates and to try and control the river. When the town decided to build a dam, the sediment that the river will typically move, piled up behind the dam and was unable to go through. Now that the dam isn’t there anymore, the sediment is able to flow down the river to different areas. Due to the fact that there is human development in this area, there is silt and chemicals, along with other substances that are dumped into the river from the towns and farmers upstream, which can affect the plants and animals. These pollutants include pesticides and manure, as well as other wastes. According to Minnesota’s Pollution Control Agency, the main impairment of the Zumbro River near Mazeppa is turbidity (“Minnesota’s Impaired Waters and TMDLS”). All of these pollutants can cause health risks if they get into the drinking water, along with causing plants and animals to
There are several types of treatment methods present but biological treatment methods have gained much traction in the recent years due to their low operation costs, comparatively benign effects on the environment and their ease of handling and maintenance. Biological wastewater treatment methods can be subcategorized into dispersed growth systems and attached growth systems. Biofilms fall under the latter category (Sehar & Naz, 2016)
Detergent comes from the Latin word detergere meaning to clean, it is defined as a cleansing agent. Therefore, water itself is a detergent. This essay looks at soap and soapless (or synthetic) detergents. Both substances we use everyday and have a big market commercially, they effect everyone. Soaps are made from natural products and soapless detergents are produced chemically, each having advantages and disadvantages.
This 1899 advertisement for Pears ' Soap came from the poem written by the British novelist Robert Kipling, who wrote about the ideas of White Man’s Burden. The artists and the company were both clearly behind the idea with American Imperialism. The image was used to help make America jump in the bandwagon to step in where the Europeans left off and bring civilization to the uncivilized parts of the world.
1999, 71, 181-215. Minear, R., Amy, G.. Water Disinfection and Natural Organic Matter: History and Overview. ACS Symposium Series -. 1996, 649, 1-9. Richardson, S. Water Analysis: Emerging Containments and Current Issues. Journal of Analytical Chemistry. 2003, 75, 2831-2857.
Soap, or 'sapo' in Latin, is an age-old cleansing agent that dates as far back as ancient Babylon. Throughout time, soap has been a core element of laundry, household, and personal cleansing routines for many civilizations and although soap-making methods have evolved over time, it is still essentially a mixture of fats and oils that have been combined with an alkali. Origins Historians aren't in complete agreement about exactly when soap was discovered, yet there is evidence that the Sumerians - an ancient civilization that resided in Southern Mesopotamia, now known as south Iraq - used a soap-like substance to strip grease from cloth and wool before dying them. The substance, which archaeologists discovered in inscribed clay vessels, was slippery and the inscriptions on the vessels described how the Sumerians boiled ashes and fats to form it.
...process adds from 10 to 15 percent to the price of the fabric, industries still save money because more products can be made in less time. Therefore increasing profits, as well as, reflecting the savings onto the consumers. Other advantages of ‘biostoning’ include, enzymes can be recycled, reduced strain on the industrial washing machines, shorter treatment times, and imperfections are significantly reduced, hence increasing productivity and efficiency. Consequently, this saves the environment by reducing water consumption and waste pollution. The elimination of pumice powder and dust creates a less intensive and safer working condition. However, one problem with biostoning was "back staining" this occurs when loosened dye particles redeposit onto the surface of the fabric, causing discoloration. Such setback can be immensely reduced by optimizing running conditions.
The traditional shampoos are made with simple formulas of bar soap and water and added with herbs for the
Water alone can’t remove dirt. Soap allows oil and to mix so the dirt can be effectively removed. Surfactants lower the tension in water and help break down the oil and grease. Detergents have hydrophobic chemical chains which are repelled by water, whereas hydrophilic chains are attracted to water. In general, hydrophobic and hydrophilic chains work together to attack oil and water and break them down faster and easier.
Improvement and upgrading of wastewater treatment processes and also the need to reduce the environmental factors make the use of tertiary wastewater treatment important.
...water-in-oil emulsions with the equal fat content of about 80% and the water content of about 16 %. Both butter and margarine undergoes the process of crystallization and pasteurization during their respective production. Crystallization is process which is performed to improve the consistency of the final product whereas pasteurization is one of the common processes which are performed during production to improve shelf life of product by inhibiting the growth of micro-organisms. In comparison, to margarine, butter contains high amounts of saturated and trans fats whereas margarine is highly rich in unsaturated fat along with trans fat. Trans fat contributes to the large amount of LDL (bad cholesterol) in the body, which cause heart and coronary diseases. However low-fat and reduced sodium or reduced cholesterol margarines are more beneficial to the human body.
...e industries, textile industries are considered as one of the major sources of wastewater in ASEAN countries. Dyes are also used in industries such as rubber, paper & pulp, dye & dye intermediate industries, pharmaceutical, tannery, food technology, hair coloring, plastic, cosmetic etc. There are more than 10,000 commercially available dyes with over 7x105 tones of dyestuff being produced annually across the world2.. The textile industry consumes more than 107 kg of dye per year of which 90% ending up on fabrics3. Of this total usage 10- 15% of the dye is lost during the dyeing process and released with the effluent. Colour is contributed by phenolic compounds such as tannins, lignins (2-3%) and organic colourants (3-4%) and with a maximum contributions from dye and dye intermediates which could be sulphur/ mordant/ reactive/ cationic/ dispersed/acid/azo vat dye4.