The Miller-Urey Experiment
Harold Urey proposed a series of conditions, which, if present on prebiotic Earth, would have been conducive to the origins of life on Earth. Stanley Miller later proved that these conditions were favorable for the synthesis of simple amino acids, which was the beginning of a series of experiments, modeled on this notion of prebiotic Earth, that created other more complex molecules needed to support life. Using the hypothesis set up by Urey and tested by Miller, this paper looks at whether these prebiotic conditions ever existed on the surface of Mars, thus making it possible to have or have had life on Mars.
1. Introduction
Since the dawn of civilization, humanity has watched the brilliant red wanderer in the night sky, always fascinated, always wondering, and always striving to know more. Whether or not there was life on Mars was a question even before Lowell imagined advanced civilizations building complex canal systems. Comparisons were constantly being drawn between Earth and her red sister. If life existed on Mars, where did it come from? Perhaps Earth and Mars were indeed similar, and however life had begun on Earth was the same mechanism by which life began on Mars. Thus, if it were possible to know the conditions that had been conducive to life on Earth, and if those same conditions ever existed on Mars, it might be possible to predict whether or not life could have ever formed on the surface of Mars.
As far as human knowledge currently extends, life only exists in one carbon-based form, with all life forms sharing the common building blocks of amino acids, proteins, and nucleic acids. If this is indeed the only type of life form that can exist, then it can be assumed that...
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When the colonies were being formed, many colonists came from England to escape the restrictions placed upon them by the crown. Britain had laws for regulating trade and collecting taxes, but they were generally not enforced. The colonists had gotten used to being able to govern themselves. However, Britain sooned changed it’s colonial policy because of the piling debt due to four wars the British got into with the French and the Spanish. The most notable of these, the French and Indian War (or the Seven Years’ War), had immediate effects on the relationship between the colonies and Great Britain, leading to the concept of no taxation without representation becoming the motivating force for the American revolutionary movement and a great symbol for democracy amongst the colonies, as Britain tried to tighten their hold on the colonies through various acts and measures.
The colonists were in every right, aspect and mind, not only justified but also it was about time that they stood of and actually take action against the British. The choice of going to war with them, was the only choice that they had. All diplimatical options that they had ceased to stand a chance against the tyrant Britain. From the very beginning when the colonists felt upset against their mother country and the way that they went about the law making, up until the beginning of the war, they tried all diplimatical options that they had, by sending letters, you name it. When they didn’t work then they had no other means but to declare war.
Leadership and unity came hand and hand on the island of pig on a stick. One of the most important symbols in the book was the conch. The conch represented their civilization. Who knew one blow of a horn could could change everything, “the conch against his lips, took a deep breath and blew once more” (Golding 17). The boys listened to the sound of the conch and gathered. One by one they would file in and say their names, then came Jack.
The mission that Verizon Wireless pursues is as a leader in communications, Verizon's mission is to enable people and businesses to communicate with each other. We are also committed to providing full and open communication with our customers, employees and investors. That’s just the beginning on their home page. Verizon has other values like customers first because they are ultimately the people that make them. Integrity always at the heart of everything they do. Respect is the critical component at every level of business. Performance Excellent Verizon holds itself to high standard of performance. Accountability holds each other responsible. “Great Companies are judged by what they do, not by what they say” Verizon Wireless
There once was a legend and he went by the name of Jackie Roosevelt Robinson. “Jackie was born on January 31, 1919. Jackie Robinson was the first African American to play major league baseball. Jackie Robinson.” (“Jackie Robinson.” Biography.com, A&E Networks Television, 14 Aug. 2017, Accessed 22 Sept. 2017 www.biography.com/people/jackie-robinson-9460813) Baseball isn’t the only thing Jackie accomplished throughout his life, for instance he went to college, had kids and did much more. But for Jackie it was harder because he had racial slurs thrown at him. Despite all of the discrimination and racism about Jackie Robinson and his family, he got passed it and became a star. Jackie was an outsider, he was the first African American to play Major league baseball, he used the haters to become an amazing ball player and a hero to other African Americans.
Unreasonable laws were the reasons for going to war.After French and Indian War,the treaties of Paris and Hubertusburg in February 1763 were created. The treaties gave England new land from France. The Proclamation of 1763 prevented the Colonists from establishing settlements on land west of the Appalachian Mountains, because the land was pronounced Indian territory. Any colonist living in those territories had to return east of the Appalachian Mountains. This new land would have opened new doors for more economic opportunities. Also, Parliament issued the Quartering Act, which made the Colonist quarter British soldiers. British soldiers could come unexpected in Colonist homes, eat their food, stay in their homes for as long as they wanted, and the Colonist could not refuse. The Colonists did not see a reason for this, because the French and Indian War was over. They did not want to be under Parliamentary Sovereignty, because The Colonists felt like their lives were being dictated.
Jackie Robinson was not only the first African American to play in the MLB but, directly contributed to the civil rights movement around the world. Jackie Robinson made his debut April 15, 1947, for the Brooklyn Dodgers, officially breaking the color barrier. Jackie was not the best African American baseball player but Branch Rickey, the owner of the Dodgers once said, "I'm not looking for someone who is strong enough to fight back, I'm looking for someone who is strong enough not to fight back" (Branch Rickey). Jackie never fought back and his actions soon became the way many African Americans would fight the civil rights movement. Outside of baseball Jackie got involved in the civil rights movement through organizations. With his involvement Jackie had an impact on civil rights leaders such as Martin Luther King Jr., and Malcolm X, as well as presidents, and other government officials (The Civil Rights Movement). Jackie Robinson impacted baseball and the nationwide civil rights movement through the integration of baseball, involvement in the civil rights movement, and his public image.
The South won in Reconstruction in many ways. Rebuilding the South was one of its major focuses. Several canals, bridges, and railroads were rebuilt with Reconstruction funds. The Republicans in Congress agreed with southern legislatures on how important business was. For this, a large amount of money was gathered to help the South’s reconstruction. Even though slavery was abolished with the passing of the 13th Amendment, it still existed in the South in the forms of “Black Codes” and cults like the Ku Klux Klan. In conclusion, Lincoln won the war for the North, but President Johnson won Reconstruction for the South by allowing them to create their own laws to keep the former slaves down and keeping their Southern lifestyles.
The conch also brought order to the boys on the island. “We’ll have rules” “I’ll give the conch to the person next to me. He can hold it when he’s speaking.”(33). Without adults they were forced to create rules for themselves because order would have to be kept on the island until they were saved. At their school order was everything and they wanted to keep that order and thought of safety. The conch gave them a feeling of home and hope of getting off the island.
According to Jessie Jackson, "A champion wins a World Series or an Olympic event and is hoisted on the shoulders of the fans. A hero carries the people on his shoulders" (Robinson 3). This is what made Jackie Robinson a hero to African-Americans. Robinson's achievement goes beyond the statistics and championships he earned on the field. He opened the door for his entire race to play professional sports and gain acceptance as more desegregation took place. After fighting in World War II from 1941 until 1944, Jackie played for the Kansas City Monarchs of the Negro Leagues from 1944 until 1946. In 1946, he was selected as the best person to break the color barrier in Major League Baseball.
To the average person, in the average American community, Jackie Robinson was just what the sports pages said he was, no more, no less. He was the first Negro to play baseball in the major leagues. Everybody knew that, but to see the real Jackie Robinson, you must de-emphasize him as a ball player and emphasize him as a civil rights leader. That part drops out, that which people forget. From his early army days, until well after his baseball days, Robinson had fought to achieve equality among whites and blacks. "Jackie acted out the philosophy of nonviolence of Martin Luther King Jr., before the future civil rights leader had thought of applying it to the problem of segregation in America"(Weidhorn 93). Robinson was an avid member of the NAACP and helped recruit members because of his fame from baseball. Jackie had leadership qualities and the courage to fight for his beliefs. Unwilling to accept the racism he had run into all his life, he had a strong need to be accepted at his true worth as a first-class citizen. Robinson was someone who would work for a cause - that of blacks and of America - as well as for himself and his team.
...e Novel, The Critics, The Background. Ed. Henry D. Piper. Charles Schribner's Sons, New York: 1970.