Dildar Mohideen 20th June,2015 Dr.Abdul Gafoor Biol 420
Changes in gene expressions between different times of the day As we all know different people experience different level of sleepiness and alertness throughout the day .The brain plays a vital role in controlling the Circadian rhythm. Circadian rhythm helps in deciding human sleep patterns. Circadian rhythm contains an array of genes and the protein that encode various physiological processes throughout the body that controls our physical, mental and behavioral changes, hormone release, body temperature and other important bodily functions. Circadian rhythm is roughly 24-hour cycle that
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It can lead to sleeping disorder, such as insomnia. Abnormality or disruption in the circadian rhythms can be the cause or effect of various disorders which includes obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, depression and bipolar disorder and number of other health issue. When there is bipolar disorder it is called Jet lag is where the disruption of circadian rhythm is observed, Changes in time zones can cause sleeping disorder. Sleeping disorder can occur due to many known and unknown factor. The two major causes of death in heart attack and stoke is that due to variation is the sleep pattern. We humans always tend to disobey the biological clock by increasing the 24-hours clock cycle. Genes that are affected by insufficient sleep due to circadian rhythms are(PER1, PER2, PER3, CRY2, CLOCK, NR1D1, NR1D2, RORA, DEC1, CSNK1E), genes due to sleep homeostasis are (IL6, STAT3, KCNV2, CAMK2D), oxidative stress (PRDX2, PRDX5).the genes has reduced due to change in sleep cycle that reduced from 793 genes to the 688 genes. (Wisor JP1, Pasumarthi RK, Gerashchenko D, Thompson CL, Pathak S, Sancar A, Franken P, Lein ES, Kilduff TS) , (Carla S. Möller-Levet1, Simon N. Archer1, Giselda Bucca1, Emma E. Laing, Ana Slak, Renata Kabiljo,Nayantara Santhi, Malcolm von Schantz, Colin P. Smith1, and Derk-Jan Dijk1,2) and (Jonathan P., Ravi Pasumarthi, Dmitry Gerashchenko, Carol Thompson, …show more content…
Circadian rhythm at day and night shifts it has a significant impact on Per2 gene expression which can be used as a bio-marker to indicate disrupted circadian rhythm in shift workers.Circardian rhythm in gene expression is useful even for determining the disease and disposition of various drugs and affect therapeutic efficacy and toxicity based on dosing time. When there is bipolar disorder or some other major depression stages the only way to overcome this disorder are thought to act by shifting or resting the circadian which does include total sleep deprecation and the light therapy. Circadian rhythm helps us to prepare our body for regular environmental changes in our
The body’s internal clock, commonly known as circadian rhythm, does not sync with the DST’s clock. This disconnect between the body’s clock and the DST’s clock can engender feelings of “restlessness, sleep disruption, and shorter sleep duration” (O’Connor).
In order to discuss Melatonin as a drug and its effects on behavior we need to define Melatonin and what role it plays in relation to brain and behavior. Melatonin is a hormone that is secreted into the bloodstream by the pineal gland. The pineal gland is a small, pea sized structure near the center of the brain. Signals from the eyes regulate the secretion of Melatonin. A person's internal clock, will fluctuate between a 23-25 hour a day cycle. Therefore, our Melatonin levels decrease and increase with the rising and setting of the sun, which aid to putting an individual on a 24 hour awake/sleep cycle.(1)
Chronic sleep loss is becoming more common in modern culture and less restricted to sleep-deprived diseases such as insomnia. Suggested to be the result of a number car, industrial, medical, and other occupational accidents, sleep deprivation is beginning to be recognized as a public concern. As a result, the Centers for Disease Control
The notion of circadian rhythms was first documented in the eighteenth century when it was determined based on observation that the closing and opening of heliotrope plant leaves occurred independently of sunlight, which was recorded by the French astronomer de Mairan. It is clearly evident now that almost all surfaces of physiology exhibit rhythmic oscillations from the simplest of bacteria to us human beings (10). As a biological clock, circadian rhythms develop to accomplish a steady entrainment to environmental cycles such as light. Additionally, circadian rhythms also serve two main functions, which is to measure the duration of time and to track the time of the day. These two functions are intertwined with one another being that both
The body and brain are changing machines, where states of consciousness shift with zealous nature to allow our human anatomy to flourish. Schedules of the circadian rhythm function differently for everyone yet, is an important part of functioning for the human anatomy/mind. For the average person, however, the cycles we go through usually speak for a sleep rotation. But sometimes, even with these measured rituals, we find ourselves at a loss when we realize how fragile our circadian rhythm can be, caused by "insomnia," " jet-lag, " or even "weekend-lag."
The idea of phase advance and delay were first proposed by Aschoff and Pittendrigh (1960), but subsequent genetic studies have shown exact genes involved in phase delay and advance occurs due to over or under production of proteins as described in dorsophilia studies. Many knock out studies have shown that disruption of genes involve in circadian rhythm have created arrythmicity in animals. Low-Zeddies and Takahashi (2001), created clock mutants which were arrhythmic when exposed to dark condition. The period of clock mutants were greater when compared to wildtype mice. The mutant also showed higher phase-shifts hours and lower circadian amplitude.
Likewise, humans function on circadian rhythms like many animals. “Our bodies are verified to have a regulatory mechanism to adjust the circadian rhythm” (Guo 2013). They perform daily activities like work during the day and rest/sleep at night. But there are some people who perform oppositely. They tend to sleep/rest during the day and work at night. These people tend to have some sleeping disorders due to their circadian rhythms being shifted. Until they readjust circadian rhythms they will continue to have sleep problems and impaired performance while being awake.
Sleep is one of our basic needs to survive and to function in day to day operations, but not everyone needs the same amount of sleep. Some people can survive on very little sleep, i.e. five hours a night, and some people need a lot of sleep, to the extend that they are sleeping up to 10 to sometimes 15 hours a night (Nature, 2005). According to Wilson (2005) the general rule states that most people need from seven to eight hours of sleep. The deprivation of sleep in our society in continually increasing with the demands in society increasing work loads, the myth that a few hours of sleep is only necessary to function properly and that sleep is sometimes considered as killing time (Nature, 2005). Sometimes sleep deprivation is also caused by other situations like sleep disorders, i.e. sleep apnea, chronic insomnia or medical conditions such as stress (Wilson, 2005).
Sleep deprivation is often associated with the development of medical conditions, especially cardiovascular disease (CVD). As disturbance in sleep could cause deprivation and shorten one’s sleep duration, it is often taken into account when carrying out related studies. Short-term sleep deprivation not only raises blood pressure and produces stress hormones, but also leads to irregular heartbeats [1]. These major risk factors are precursors to coronary disease. In this essay, I will summarize the findings of five studies in relation to sleep deprivation and the increased risk of CVD.
Sleep deprivation in hospitalized patients can result in increased morbidity and mortality, and can lower their quality of life. Hospitalized patients require more than the average amount of sleep to aid in recovery, but often get an inadequate amount of sleep or experience poor quality sleep. There are increased frequencies of awakening or being awakened too early in the morning, difficulty falling asleep, an increased need for sleep medications, poor sleep quality, an increase in frequency of napping and nightmares. Sleep-wake cycles contribute to adequate protein synthesis and cellular division that is crucial to sustaining the healing process and maintaining immunity. Sleep deprivation changes normal circadian cycles, resu...
Circadian rhythm is the internal body clock that controls psychological and biological processes in a 24-hour cycle. Circadian is the Latin word meaning “about 24 hours”. Circadian rhythms are triggered by cues that signal light and darkness (such as sunrise and sunset) as well as other visual cues (like clocks and television programs) The circadian clock in humans is found in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is a cluster of cells located in the hypothalamus (a region inside the brain) that respond to light and dark signals. From the optic nerve of the eye, light advances to the SCN (such as from the exposure of light in the mornings), signaling circadian rhythms that is time for other functions of the body to operate. The SCN responds to light by delaying melatonin, a hormone that is induced for sleep and produced when the eyes report to SCN that it is dark. Circadian rhythms include a series of bodily changes that control body temperatures, sleep cycles, appetite, and hormonal changes. These rhythms allow a person to detect sleepiness and alertness throughout the day. This ...
The word circadian comes from the Latin circa diem meaning about a day, which starts out as a good definition for circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms do not have to be daily and in fact can happen in multiple periods per day or periods that last longer than days such as circannual rhythms. The most thought of circadian rhythm is sleep but other examples include, body temperature, blood pressure, production of hormones and digestive secretions. These rhythms do not only take place in humans but are present in a wide variety of other organisms, the simplest being cyanobacteria. Circadian rhythms are usually controlled by a combination environmental factors and internal factors. The most common environmental factors are temperature and light.
Sleeping is something that is an essential part of human nature and is a must in order for one to be a functional human being. Sleep is an idea that is accompanied by many wives’ tales, including the idea that one needs seven to eight hours of sleep each night and alcohol helps one fall asleep and sleep more soundly. One myth about sleep is that during sleep, one is in a state of nothingness. In truth, however, it has been discovered that during sleep the brain is active, variations in heartbeat and breathing occur, and the eyes and ears are active throughout the time of sleep. These activities during a person’s sleep are important because they help that person be more aware, awake, and alert during sleep.
What research has told us is that sleep is relegated by an internal time clock or what the experts call the circadian cycle. First circadian comes from two Latin words circa: about and dia: day. All the various bodily function cycle that occur during the day are related to our circadian cycle. Since the time of Aristotle and Hippocrates these cycles have been recognized. Our sleep/wake cycles is one of the best known bodily functions to show circadian rhythms, and even our vital signs are directly linked to this cycle. As technology advances we gain more precise measurements, allowing researchers to recognize more circadian cycles which in turn teach us how our bodies work and function. On an interesting note it has been found that bone length is linked to and show a circadian cycle.
Sleep is a very important factor in the human function. Our body and brain is able to reset itself and rejuvenate while we sleep. When we do not get the required amount of sleep, we start to feel lethargic and foggy minded, because our mind and body wasn’t able to replenish itself. Sleep is imperative that an insignificant rest deficiency or lack of sleep can affect our ability to remember things; decisions and can affect our temperament. Chronic sleep deficiency can get the body to feel agitated and it could lead to serious health problems such as, heart problems, stress, acne, and obesity.