Throughout the course of history there has been a vast amount of work on different aspects of helping behavior. Helping behavior can be defined as assisting an individual when they are in need of aid. A social psychologist may define helping as a function of the particular, momentary situation the bystander may find themselves in (Amoto, 1990). Helping behavior is considered a key aspect in social behavior. When considering helping behavior, gender is also an important variable that may have an influence on helping. In American society there is a well-known difference in the distinction in gender roles. Women are expected to care for the personal and emotional needs of others, and to deliver routine forms of personal service (Eagly & Crowley, 1986). Men can be expected to be more aggressive and show less emotion than women, but also expected to preform courteous duties. Society has a great impact on male and female gender differences, and could impact the response in helping behavior. According to a previous study done by Latene and Dabbs (1975), the results stated that men were more likely to give help, and women were more likely to receive help. The results from the study indicated that there is in fact a relationship between sex and helping behavior. The social customary of helping behavior may determine the response in helping behavior. Also, when considering gender as a primary effect on helping behavior, cell phone use has also been correlated with this relationship.
In relation to cell phone use, there could be a correlation on social behavior while using a cell phone and stopping to help. It has been researched and reported that cell phone use significantly decreased the frequency of offered assistance from bystander (Pur...
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...apart of the technological world. Humans have made using cell phones apart of their daily life style. Research has shown that this can be a distraction and possibly ignore any of their surroundings. People also take the gender roles serious in American society. People already have an assumption of how men and women should behave. It can almost be expected for a man to assist a woman in need or a woman must need help. Men are expected to be independent, and women could be held to lower standards. Gender and cell phone use can have an effect on helping behavior, and it is predicted there could be a relationship. When also considering the bystander effect, that can also impact an individuals response on helping behavior. This study will not only test those variables, but it could possibly determine if there is a relationship and determine if there is significance.
Amy Gahran, a media consultant exploring communication in the technology era, writes about how cell phones are significant. She feels that cell phones have changed our lives by providing “…vital services and human connections…offer new hope, even through simple broadcast text messages” (Gahran). Gahran is insisting that cell phones allow us to learn news quickly, connect with safety, and can even fight crime through video recordings (Gahran). In addition, she feels that the overall benefits of owning a cell phone outweigh any negatives. This somewhat challenges the ideas presented by Rosen because it points out more benefits of cell phones. In “Our Cell Phones, Ourselves” Rosen mentions that although cell phones indeed connect us with safety, they can often lead to a sense of paranoia. To expand, she writes that parents who give children a cell phone for security purposes, develop a paranoid sense of their community and lose trust in “social institutions” (Rosen). In making this comment, Rosen argues that although cell phones may be beneficial, they can change the way we view our world. Without a cell phone, many individuals feel vulnerable, as if their phone protects them from all possible dangers that they may encounter. In fact, a Rutgers University professor challenged his students to power off their phones for 48 hours and report back with their experience (Rosen). Many felt almost lost without it and one young women described the feeling “…like I was going to get raped if I didn’t have my cell phone in my hand” (Rosen). In reality, having a cell phone will not save a person’s life in all situations. Although many, including Gahran, feel a phone is a vital tool, it has changed how we feel about the world around us and how vulnerable we feel without a phone in
Behavior modification is based on the principles of operant conditioning, which were developed by American behaviorist B.F. Skinner. In his research, he put a rat in a cage later known as the Skinner Box, in which the rat could receive a food pellet by pressing on a bar. The food reward acted as a reinforcement by strengthening the rat's bar-pressing behavior. Skinner studied how the rat's behavior changed in response to differing patterns of reinforcement. By studying the way the rats operated on their environment, Skinner formulated the concept of operant conditioning, through which behavior could be shaped by reinforcement or lack of it. Skinner considered his discovery applicable to a wide range of both human and animal behaviors(“Behavior,” 2001).
The following four empirical studies focus on the topic of bystander intervention. Each study focused on various aspects of how bystander intervention related to a particular situation.
The article “How Your Cell Phone Distracts You Even When You’re Not Using It” reports the experiment and findings about how cell phones in sight not only effect your relationships, but also your ability to complete motor tasks. In this study, three groups were present and they differed from one group only being able to see their group leaders cell phone, while the other group had sighting of their own cell phones and the last one had no visible cell phone. The first two groups suffered from completing the complex tasks, but the group with no cell phone differed from having a harder time completing the tasks. Like “Our Cell Phones, Ourselves” both articles address how cell phones can be distracting when driving. From the article, “How Your Cell Phone Distracts You Even When You’re Not Using It” Thornton, a professor from the University of Southern Maine states, “You could probably text and drive somewhat safely if you’re on a straight road, and there’s no traffic, and you take your time.” Although it is stated that it could be some what possible, those occasions are rare when it comes to the driving conditions. Not only do cell phones affect driving, but a common theme brought out in many of the articles is how they effect interpersonal relationships. This article talks about how they play a role in our social communication, just like all the
Before technology and cell phones the only way to socialize was talking and information was in books that you had to go find. Cell phones are used for many things that we have right at our fingertips, but they carry disadvantages. “Complexity of cell phone addiction stems from multiple factors, such as educational, cultural, economic, mental health, and social factors, which could impact cell phone addictions.”2 Cell phones are used at all times of every single day for any reason possible. With the cell phone, we have the world at our
Writing Assignment Two Introduction Special education includes addressing students’ academic needs as well as their behavioral needs. A student with a disability is not exempt from disciplinary measures, as students with can be suspended and even expelled from the school environment. More specifically, students with emotional disturbance can display maladaptive behaviors. These maladaptive behaviors can generate unsafe learning environments. More importantly, the creation of an effective behavior intervention plan (BIP) is imperative.
Several individuals need to be constantly sending messages to their friends and family members with the use of a cellphone while driving. More and more drivers have the urge to use their cell phones while driving. This dangerous mixture can result to be even deadly. “As one researcher concluded, a cellphone draws attention away from the routines that would provide a good representation of the driving environment” (qtd. in Seppa 3).
In the essay “Our Cell Phones, Our Selves” written by Christine Rosen, the author presents a brief history on how cell phones were introduced into society and how this artifact changed people’s interactions in the physical space. Rosen describes the first cell phone that appeared in 1983 as “hardly elegant,” big and expensive (458). Cell phones at that time were mainly used by important and affluent people. However, seven years later, cell phones became smaller and affordable provoking a big change in society. This big technological advance did not only affect the United States, but the entire world.
In 1973 an inventor by the name Martin Cooper developed the first cell phone that was approved for commercial use. Since cell phone first invent they have gone massive changes and become more advanced, from bag phones to phones look like bricks, and from tiny phone to every day smart phone, cell phones are always changing. The advancement in technology, changed our relationship with the phone and changed the way we behave. Making calls in public places, some love it, others hate it. Today we live in a world of continues communication, everywhere we look, people are calling, texting or taking pictures with their phones. In fact people are going against their better judgment and continue to text even during activities that considered dangerous
Schools are in great need of systems, processes, and personnel who are able to support the needs of students with problem behavior. Research indicates, however, that (while I am a big, fat cheater) information has not been made available to teachers and other professionals in a format that allows these strategies to become common practice. Many teachers choose isolated behavioral strategies that are not applied immediately after the problem behavior has occurred.
Galvan, V., Golloy, M. & Vessal, R. (2013). The effects of cell phone conversations on the attention and memory of bystanders. PLoS ONE, 8(3), 1-11. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058579.
Cell phones are used to call the police or for help when someone is in a crisis. When nobody is around...
The purpose of this study was to explore the impact abiding by gender norms has on the amount of prosocial behavior that is shown towards an individual or group. This is important because in society, many people do not strictly adhere to dressing in gender norms. Specifically, girls do not always dress in a feminine manner (i.e. long hair, make up, form accentuating nkvariable in this study is helping behavior shown towards people who overtly exemplify gender norms in their clothing compared to when they are dressed more androgynously. The conceptual dependent variable is the frequency those involved in the study are willing to engage in helping behavior. The hypothesis of this study is that most people will agree to help, as the task is not difficult nor time consuming, however, it is hypothesized that when the confederates of the study are dressed in more androgynous clothing, people will be more hesitant to help than when they are dressed in a more feminine way. As shown in the study by Tarrant, Dazeley and Cottom (2009), people are more inclined to show helping behavior towards someone in their in-group compared to someone in the out-group. This study also shows that if it is seen positively by the in-group to show empathy towards people in the out-group, this will increase the amount of empathy shown. For this experiment, the experimenters made themselves appear to be part of the out-group by appearing careless and not dressing by gender norms, however, it is often seen in a negative light to not take someone’s picture, which is why only hesitation, not complete rejection was anticipated.
Nevertheless, hands-free phones are just as disturbing as hand held phones. They both serve the same purpose when it comes to distracting the driver from state of the road. Thus, hand held devices do not increase safety, and I have observed this when using the cell phones as I drive. At the same time, I have noticed that my reaction time significantly reduced, and I almost caused an accident. When I look at this slow reaction, I compare it to that of an old...
There are more cell phones than residents in Britain (computerweekly.com, 2007). The first cell phone was invented by Dr. Martin Cooper and John F. Mitchell in 1973 (Wikipedia.com, 2014). Cell phone use has escalated over the years. Not only does cell phone usage affect the character traits of a person and their ability to hold regular, face-to-face conversations, it also affects a person’s ability to have healthy, stable relationships. Cell phones have changed from an item of luxury to an everyday necessity for some people.