9. Background
Many countries practice circumcision, including Indonesia. The reason encourage this procedure could be medical, cultural, religion, and others. In December 2006, WHO estimated >50% of male population got circumcised In Indonesia where it is usually done in childhood particularly in between age 1-11 years old.1 Previously, the preputial skin is discarded in circumcision. However, nowadays it can be use as a skin graft for example following burns.2
Recently, pluripotent stem cell has been found in the preputial skin using Oct4 expression (usually the prepuce is discarded).3 Stem cell, a major discussion these past few years, is believed to be the key of future medicine, for instance stem cell is thought to help degenerative
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In fact, it is also one of the oldest and most popular procedures in the world, WHO stated that one third of males are circumcised. Males from wide range of ages undergo this procedure; for examples, in the United States of America, majority of people get circumcised in the neonates period, some section of Asia including the Middle East perform circumcision to young boys, and parts of Africa perform this procedure when patients has reached their teenage years. The benefits of practising circumcision in young age are lower complication risk, faster healing time, and less expense. Although, due to some reason (religious, cultural, and wanting their child to give his/her own consent) circumcision is done at older age. The reason for the booming interest in circumcision could be medical reason (reducing risk of infection by HIV), social, religious, and cultural background. Unfortunately, the circumcision providers in Indonesia are sometimes not medically …show more content…
The circumcision complications are infrequent; the median frequency is 1.5% (the most reported being haemorrhage and infection). On top of that, the severe adverse effects are found to be none until rare.1 However, Frisch and Simonsen’s controversial study in Denmark (2015) found that early childhood surgery (circumcision) might increase the risk of getting ASD (Autism Spectrum Disorder).6
Some parts or the entire penis’ foreskin is removed in circumcision. Foreskin/prepuce is the skin extending from the penis’ shaft and covering the glans and urethral meatus. The development of penis intrauterine causes a fusion between the stratified squamous epithelium of the prepuce and glans penis. These squamous cells keratinize, and later will degenerate causing a split, which further separates both of the epithelium. In neonates, the separation of the epithelium is usually unfinished causing the circumcision provider to separate it during the
In Althaus’ article, she provides in-depth information about female circumcision; a highly controversial cultural ritual that is practiced in at least 28 countries
The cells unique nature has scientists intrigued to do research with the focus of finding a way that these cells can be used to replace patients’ injured or diseased tissues. Advancement is made to all the three types of stem cells namely embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells in addition to induced pluripotent cells. Embryonic cells are the building blocks of an embryo that is developing, and can develop into almost all body cell types. Somatic cells are found in the body tissues. They renew and regenerate in healthy bodies. The third type which is induced pluripotent is genetically modified embryo cells from skin cells.2 Research on these cells are geared towards saving humanity; a noble course.
Some fear that the removal of the healthy part of an organ is a purely
Since circumcision has so many risks, I would not recommend circumcision for my patients. Some risks include bleeding, pain, infection, loss of skin/wound
When parents first discover they are having a baby, there are so many aspects to consider. Who is going to be their doctor, which hospital are they going to deliver at, what are they going to name the baby, and what color should they paint the nursery. Parents that are expecting a male newborn have to decide if they want their baby to be circumcised. For many families, this is an easy decision based on their cultural or religious beliefs. However, for others the right option is not as clear. Over the years, the topic of circumcision has been debated and views have swayed for and against the procedure. Ultimately, the parents must evaluate all the pros and cons and make the decision that aligns best with their thoughts and beliefs. The parent’s decision about the procedure will be influenced by various factors. It is vital that they are educated on the accurate information surrounding the advantages and disadvantages of the circumcision. This paper will evaluate both sides of this controversial issue.
Freedom of choice is a desire for most, but as we are young we depend on the decision of our parents. With this dependent nature of a child the freedom of choice is limited, for males this can lead to a life long consequence. Male circumcision is the surgical removal of the foreskin; the skin covering the head of the penis. Circumcision is practiced for religious purposes in Jewish and Muslim communities. Normally, the boy’s age varies from 4 to 11 years old. In the United States, this procedure is also done but without a religious purpose. The boys in this case are commonly newborn. This practice became popular after medical groups claimed that there were many health benefits that came with circumcision. Though it has been proven otherwise, it is still a common practice in the U.S. fueled by ignorance. Circumcision is an unnecessary surgery that leads to psychological problems, issues with sexual activities and lasting physical damage.
Most Americans view circumcision as a solution to a problem which it is not. Circumcision has not been scientifically proven to prevent, solve, or improve any health condition or state. One of the most common reasons people circumcise infants is because they believe it will make cleaning babies easier. This is a common misconception. Parents for generations have been taught that uncircumcised babies need to have the underside of their foreskin cleaned, but this is physically impossible to do without permanently damaging the organ. When a baby is born the foreskin is fused to the head of the penis, thus no additional care is needed. The organ is very self-cleaning just like it’s female
Certainly, in the United States (and much of the Western world), female circumcision is illegal; however, male circumcision is utterly legal. In fact, in 2007, the Center for Disease Control reported that almost eighty percent of men in the United States were circumcised (Morris): legally, zero percent were females. Yet, several nations, where the culture is absolutely polar from the West, have prohibited male circumcision (Evans). The predominant factor, of course. The ideologies of culture make the laws, including morals; thus, these laws represent each region’s civilization, morals, and culture. Again, doctors must conform—this time to the law, not the parent. So, any decision doctors make, regarding circumcision, is due to cultural restrictions and their own
... cause of a problem but it is the result of a situation’ (Greunbaum, 2001, pp. 177-178). There’s a need to understand the cultural and social dimension of female circumcision in order to realize and respect people for the culture; however, there is also a need for better medical environments for this procedure to be performed in.
“Stem Cells: The Future of Medicine.” Medschool.umaryland.edu. University of Maryland School of Medicine Web 14 Nov 2013
Those who favour stem cell research are optimistic about the continued developments in stem cell research will open doors to many breakthrough discoveries in biomedical science. The scientific and ethical questions arise as rapidly as the reaching of milestones in stem cell research. There are two main types of stem cells, namely embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells. Adult stem cells are undifferentiated cells in our body. But they have restricted-range of cells that they can further differentiate. On the contrary, embryonic stem cells have the ability to differentiate into nearly two hundred cell types in the human body, called pluripotency. The process of harvesting embryonic stem cells involves destruction of embryos (Mooney, 2009).
The results showed that only 38% of the 133 people that participated in the study thought that neonatal male circumcision was beneficial for the prevention of HIV; however, of those same people, 65% thought that circumcision was beneficial to the prevention of other sexually transmitted diseases, and 96% of the doctors and nurses knew that circumcision was beneficial for hygiene. These numbers are surprisingly low considering these are the people that are performing the surgeries so they should be aware of the benefits, as well as the
Unlike male circumcisions which were practice for religious purposes, female circumcision is done for social convention and is practiced as a way to prepare girls for marriage, as well as conform to societal norms of femininity. Female circumcisions are often motivated by what would be considered proper female behavior and as a way to promote virginity as well as cause pain during intercourse to uphold these beliefs. Much like male circumcision these societal beliefs about sex and purity, have affected these cultures in their convictions that circumcision must be performed to be pure and free of
Female genital mutilation (FGM) is an ancient traditional non-therapeutic surgical procedure that involves total or partial removal of the external parts of female genitalia. This paper aimed to define and classify FGM, identifies the prevalence, describes reasons for performing the practice, and concentrates on the problems associated to this practice with regard to women’s health, religious beliefs, and socio-cultural, behavioral and moral consequences. Researches and survey reports that the global actions have been taken to reduce or abolish the prevalence of the practice will be assessed.
Exploring the role of stem cells in cutaneous wound healing: Katherine Lau, Ralf Paus, Stefan Tiede.