Dark matter has been argued about for a long time about whether it helps or not helps the universe. The universe is mostly made up of dark energy at 71.4%, dark matter at 24%, and atoms a 4.6%. These are the statistics made about the composition of the universe. However, these statistics were not always none. Einstein himself said that the universe was static, that the universe was neither contracting or expanding. When the Russian Mathematician, Edwin Powell Hubble, proved him wrong, Einstein said it was his -greatest mistake-. However, the term Einstein used to explain the universe, the Greek letter lambda Λ), is still used today, but in a different way than he meant it to. It now is used as the term to describe the rate of expansion in the …show more content…
The idea that dark matter exists becomes very more realistic when things such as this are occurring. Dark matter is thought to be a bit like a alternate gravitational force that keeps objects in space, galaxies for example, all together. The nature of dark matter, however, is unknown. There is a number of theories, of course, for example: Brown Dwarfs, Supermassive black holes, and new forms of matter are all speculated as the nature of dark matter. The elemental composition of our universe has changed drastically over the last few Eons. New forms of matter discovered by particle physicists, scientists who work to understand the forces of nature and the composition of matter, have theorized that there are new forces and new types of particles. One of the main reasons for the construction of "supercolliders" is to try to create dark matter in a lab. Since the universe was very dense and hot at the beginning of the Big Bang, the universe itself was basically a particle …show more content…
In particular, measurement of the number of normal isotope, which is when each of 2 or more forms of the same element containing equal numbers of protons but different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence separate the atomic mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a radioactive form of an element, of hydrogen to its heavier isotope known as deuterium, a stable isotope, provides important insight into inside of nucleosynthesis. All other elements heavier than lithium are made by stars experiencing nuclear reactions and during powerful supernova explosions. With a couple of exceptions, we have a small, but better, understanding of how a star is created, as it converts elements into heavier elements. These heavy elements are spread into the Universe by stellar winds and supernova explosions. However, we need to understand just where and when the chemical evolution happens during the lifetime of a typical galaxy, and if our technology is good enough in its current state to predict the observations. Studying radiation due to the decay of the products, nucleosynthesis provides direct info about the synthesis of
Physicists started to realize that stable nuclei can be converted to unstable nuclei. Through such process, they discovered that heavy nuclei can undergo nuclear fission. While testing, they added a neutron to an isotope of Uranium 235. This resulted Uranium 235 to become unstable and break down into Barium and Krypton, releasing two to three more neutrons. The breakdown of Uranium 235 is called “fission”.
All these effects were the cause of the discovery of nuclear fission and its properties. Nuclear Fusion Nuclear fusion is the process used by the sun and the stars in our solar system to produce their energy. Fusion involves smashing hydrogen atoms together at high velocities to form helium, and the matter is made into energy.
It is believed that super massive black holes exist in the cores of many large galaxies, including the Milky Way galaxy, which is our galaxy. (Swinburne University 2014). It is believed that a normal black holes were formed because of a supernova explosion of a gigantic star, meaning when huge stars collapse, so the larger the star, the larger the black hole. ( Millis 2014) . So therefore a simple idea of how a super massive black hole might have been formed would be because of a collision of super enormous star or a collision of star clusters (star clouds). (Super massive black holes 2014)
In the first chapter we meet some of the characters and what they do. Both Daniela and Jason Dessen gave up their careers to start a family together. Jason goes to a party held for his former colleague, Ryan Holder, celebrating a Prize that he had earned. He and Jason talk and Jason gets enraged and leaves the party early. On his way home a kidnapper approaches him and forces him into a SUV. He takes Jason to an abandoned warehouse and injects a needle into his neck and slowly Jason goes unconscious.
The Big Bang theory is a theory that states that the universe originated as a single mass, which subsequently exploded. The entire universe was once all in a hot and dense ball, but about 20 million years ago, it exploded. This explosion hurled material all over the place and all mater and space was created at that point in time. The gas that was hurled out cooled and became our stellar system. A red shift is a shift towards longer wavelengths of celestial objects. An example of this is the "Doppler shift." Doppler shift is what makes a car sound lower-pitched as it moves further away. As it turns out, a special version of this everyday life effect applies to light as well. If an astronomical object is moving away from the Earth, its light will be shifted to longer (red) wavelengths. This is significant because this theory indicates the speed of recession of galaxies and the distances between galaxies.
achieved by Rutherford, has led to the creation of elements not found in nature; in work
The Big Bang Theory is one of the most important, and most discussed topics in cosmology today. As such, it encompasses several smaller components that attempt to explain what happened in the moments after creation, and how the universe we know today came from such a fiery, chaotic universe in the wake of the Big Bang. One major component of the Big Bang theory is nucleosynthesis. We know that several stellar phenomena (including stellar fusion and various types of super novae) are responsible for the formation of all heavy elements up through Plutonium, however, after the advent of the Big Bang theory, we needed a way to explain what types of matter were created to form the earliest stars.!
To understand what a radioactive isotope is a basic understanding of the atom is necessary. Atoms are comprised of three subatomic particles : protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons and neutrons bind together to form the nucleus of the atom, while the electrons surround and orbit the nucleus. Protons and electrons have opposite charges and therefore attract one another (electrons are negative and protons are positive, and opposite charges attract), and in most cases the number of electrons and protons are the same for an atom (making the atom neutral in charge). The neutrons are neutral. Their purpose in the nucleus is to bind protons together. Because the protons all have the same charge and would naturally repel one another, the neutrons act as "glue" to hold the protons tightly together in the nucleus.
Physicists from 1939 onward conducted much research to find answers to such questions as how many neutrons were emitted in each fission, which elements would not capture the neutrons but would moderate or reduce their velocity , and whether only the lighter and scarcer isotope of uranium (U-235) fissioned or the common isotope (U-238) could be used. They learned that each fission releases a few neutrons.
Isotopes: Atoms of the same element (same atomic number) but with differing numbers of neutrons, different mass numbers.
The Big Bang, the alpha of existence for the building blocks of stars, happened approximately fourteen billion years ago. The elements produced by the big bang consisted of hydrogen and helium with trace amounts of lithium. Hydrogen and helium are the essential structure which build stars. Within these early stars, heavier elements were slowly formed through a process known as nucleosynthesis. Nucleosythesis is the process of creating new atomic nuclei from pre-existing nucleons. As the stars expel their contents, be it going supernova, solar winds, or solar explosions, these heavier elements along with other “star stuff” are ejected into the interstellar medium where they will later be recycled into another star. This physical process of galactic recycling is how or solar system's mass came to contain 2% of these heavier elements.
...ions happen. Supernovas give off many elements we have today including hydrogen and heavier elements such as iron. Supernovas also play a big role in creating new stars because the aftermath of the explosion creates an elemental environment for new interstellar reactions to occur. Discovery of a supernova was difficult at first, given the fact that most occur far away from our galaxy, but new technology now allow scientist to discover many supernova within may galaxies.
Things are very different from each other, and can be broken down into small groups inside itself, which was then noticed early by people, and Greek thinkers, about 400BC. Which just happened to use words like "element', and `atom' to describe the many different parts and even the smallest parts of matter. These ideas were around for over 2000 years while ideas such as `Elements' of Earth, Fire, Air, and Water to explain `world stuff' came and went. Much later, Boyle, an experimenter like Galileo and Bacon, was influenced much by Democritus, Gassendi, and Descartes, which lent much important weight to the atomic theory of matter in the 1600s. Although it was Lavoisier who had divided the very few elements known in the 1700's into four different classes, and then John Dalton made atoms even more believable, telling everyone that the mass of an atom was it's most important property. Then in the early 1800's Dobereiner noted that the similar elements often had relative atomic masses, and DeChancourtois made a cylindrical table of elements to display the periodic reoccurrence of properties. Cannizaro then determined atomic weights for the 60 or so elements known in the 1860s, and then a table was arranged by Newlands, with the many elements given a serial number in order of their atomic weights, of course beginning with Hydrogen. That made it clear that "the eighth element, starting from a given one, is a kind of a repeat of the first", which Newlands called the Law of Octaves.
To answer the first question, according to many physicists, astronomers, and especially cosmologists the multiverse theory is a definite possibility. While there may not be a consensus on the issue, a reasonable number agree that our universe is, “But one of many pocket universes within a wider expanse called the multiverse” (Jenkins and Perez, 42). This infinite number of diverse universes originated in the primordial vacuum of space as a “tiny patch of spacetime…as small as a billionth the size of a proton” (Jenkins and Perez, 48), and underwent a period of rapid inflation. From such growth, all happening at different rates due to variations in constants and physical properties, pockets formed, ...
The process of changing of unstable nucleus into another element is called transmutation.The above phenomenon is called Radioactivity.