The aims of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) programmes have changed from improving fitness levels after prolonged bed rest and post-cardiac event deconditioning to take on a holistic approach in addressing cardiovascular risk factors (CRFs) (Savage et al., 2002). Obesity is a highly prevalent independent and modifiable CRF in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). Four studies evaluating the value of CR in reducing obesity and its associated risks have been reviewed in a chronological order below. Standard CR exercise intervention was examined in a retrospective study conducted by Lavie and Milani (1997) on 588 coronary patients not on lipid-lowering medication from two institutions to determine the effects of CR and weight reduction on exercise capacity and CRFs in obese coronary patients. In this study, 235 patients were allocated to the obese (Body Mass Index (BMI) ≥ 27.3kg/m2 in women and ≥ 27.8kg/m2 in men) and 353 to the non-obese group. Within the obese group, 45 patients who had ≥5% weight reduction were compared to 81 who did not. All subjects underwent 36 sessions of outpatient phase II CR for approximately three months and received dietary and exercise advice. Exercise training was prescribed between 70-85% of the maximal heart rate determined during pre-intervention exercise testing or 10-15 beats/min below exercise-induced symptomatic or silent myocardial ischemia. Body weight, skinfold-determined percentage body fat, BMI, plasma lipids, fasting glucose and estimated exercise capacity were assessed as outcome measures three to eight weeks after a major coronary event and one week post-completion of CR.` Obese patients had significantly greater reduction in BMI and weight but less improvement in exercise capacity th... ... middle of paper ... ...ve in the long-term. Works Cited Lavie, C., & Milani, R. (1997). Effects of Cardiac Rehabilitation, Exercise Training, and Weight Reduction on Exercise Capacity, Coronary Risk Factors, Behavioural Characteristics and Quality of Life in Obese Coronary Patients. American Journal of Cardiology, 79:397-401. Savage, P., Brochu, M., Poehlman, E., & Ades, P. (2003). Reduction in Obesity and Coronary Risk Factors After High Caloric Exercise Training in Overweight Coronary Patients. American Heart Journal, 146:317-23. Savage, P., Lee, M., Harvey-Berino, J., Brochu, M., & Ades, P. (2002). Weight Reduction in the Cardiac Rehabilitation Setting. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 22:154-160. Shubair, M., Kodis, J., McKelvie, R., Arthur, H., & Sharma, A. (2004). Metabolic Profile and Exercise Capacity Outcomes. Journal of Cardiopulmonary Rehabilitation, 24:405-413.
Submaximal and maximal exercise testing are two analytic methods that can be used to examine the cardiovascular, and cardiorespiratory fitness/health levels of the individual being examined. Submaximal testing is usually preferred over maximal mainly because the submaximal exam is more practical in a fitness/health environment. Both test require the individual being examined to perform controlled exercise on a(n) treadmill/ergometer until either steady state has consecutively been reached (submax), or the individual reaches their max (close to it). Being that both test are set to exceed time limits of more than 3 minutes we examine the use of the ATP-PC, Glycolytic, and Oxidative energy systems. Although a huge portion of the test involves the use of the oxidative energy system, we must remember that the three systems are co-occurrent.
This lab experiment was conducted in a Texas Woman’s University exercise physiology lab room, on September 20, 2013. It consisted of two main participants: A trained participant (Male; 30 years old; 72 in. tall; 82.9 kg) and an untrained participant (Female; 20 years old; 65 in. tall; 75 kg). They were selected by my Prof. April Hartman to participate because they were best qualified to conduct the study in our class. Both participants were assigned to carry out the same experimental task. The Bruce Protocol (graded test) on a treadmill (mode of exercise) was used to conduct the VO2max test. The materials needed were: 1 metabolic cart (with computers); 2 mouthpieces; 1 nose clip; 1 treadmill; 1 RPE scale; 1 timer; pen; paper; and a HR monitor.
Currently, it is not possible to prescribe isometric exercise at an intensity that corresponds to given heart rates or systolic blood pressures1. This might be useful in optimizing the effects of isometric exercise training1. According to further study on this topic, linear relationships that have been discovered could be used to identify isometric exercise training intensities that correspond to precise heart rates or systolic blood pressures. Training performed in this way might provide greater insight into the underlying mechanisms for the cardiovascular adaptations that are known to occur as a result2. Studies have also shown a direct, strong, independent and continuous relation between blood pressure and cardiovascular mortality without any evidence of a threshold down to at least 115/75 mm Hg3. Further, it has been demonstrated that, as compared with optimal BP, normal and high-normal BP are associated with a higher incidence of CV disease3.
As according to the CDC both heart disease and type two diabetes are at a higher risk if coupled with obesity. The very best way to prevent obesity is proper diet and exercise. Exercise does not just mean going to the gym and lifting weights or attempting to build muscle, but rather do cardio workouts. Cardio work outs are the best way to prevent both heart disease and obesity. This involves running, walking, swimming and even bike riding. The primary goal is to get a persons heart rate to increase under the weight and restraint of a persons body. Building to much muscle can be unhealthy later in life if it is not maintained, as it can waste away into excess weight. Walking and doing mild exercise even into older life is also helpful in preventing heart disease. The CDC claims at least 150 minutes of exercise a week will help weight loss and help type II diabetes prevention (The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). A diet should be well balanced, this is not a short term solution to lose weight, but is a life style choice to promote a persons well being. High sugar diet and processed fats should be avoided. A person should increase vegetable and fruit food options, and avoid fried food. It is important to maintain good cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as being out of the normal range will increase a persons risk for type II diabetes and heart disease
Obesity is now considered a global epidemic, with particularly concentrated numbers in the United States. In 2011-2012 more than one-third of U.S. adults were estimated to be obese (National Center for Health Statistics, 2013). Due to the increasing prevalence of the epidemic, anesthesiologists must manage a significant number of clinically obese patients. A large range of physiological variations are associated with obesity, including cardiac, respiratory, and metabolic functions (Leykin, v). The areas of concern for anesthesiologists when operating on the obese can be separated into three perioperative stages: preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative.
Although most studies have shown that physical activity prevent morbidity and mortality independent of weight, the range of benefits vary for among various groups stratified according to age, sex, race and BMI. Also, different dose of physical ...
Thompson, P. D., Buchner, D., Pina, I. L., Balady, G. J., Williams, M. A., Marcus, B. H., ... Wenger, N. K. (2003). Exercise in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology. Journal of the American Heart Association, 3110-3116. http://dx.doi.org/doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000075572.40158.77
...al conditions of cardiovascular disease that have been linked to obesity, including strokes, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure and arrhythmias. All of these conditions can be improved or prevented by the individual losing ten percent of their body weight. Physical activity also plays a crucial role in cardiovascular disease. Studies have shown that the greater the amount of physical activity, the less the chance for developing cardiovascular disease, even when other factors, such as Framingham’s scale, are accounted for. Regarding future research, a study further researching genetic and environmental links to cardiovascular disease would provide helpful information. Also, research studying the effects of physical activity after the onset of cardiovascular disease could be beneficial to determine if physical activity can improve patients’ conditions.
The Queens College/McArdle Step Test, the Rockport One Mile Walk Test, and the 1.5 Mile Run Test are three different field tests that were performed in this lab that were used to measure and predict an individual’s aerobic capacity. The measurement of aerobic capacity, or VO2 max, is a valid way to assess an individual’s cardiorespiratory fitness level. VO2 max refers to the maximal amount of oxygen an individual utilizes during intensive exercise. A higher VO2 max demonstrates a more efficient cardiorespiratory system as an individual with a higher VO2 max can sustain a higher intensity for a longer
Vuori, I 2007, ‘Physical activity and health: Metabolic and cardiovascular issues’, Advances in Physiotherapy, vol. 9 pp. 50-64, April.
A number of health –related behaviors contribute remarkably to the onset cardiovascular disease. Smokers are two times as likely to have a heart attack as non-smokers, and one fifth of the annual 1,000,000 deaths from CVD can be attributed to smoking. A sedentary lifestyle increases one’s risk of heart disease. However, America remains predominantly sedentary, and more than half of American adults do not practice the recommended level of physical activity, while more than one-fourth are completely sedentary Between 20-30%, approximately 58 million people, of the nation’s adults are obese. Obesity severely increases risk for hypertension, high cholesterol, and other chronic diseases which have been proven to cause heart disease. As one can clearly see cardiovascular disease is a very broad topic encom...
Methods commonly used to calculate body weight goals involve ideal body weight (IBW) and being in the “normal” range for BMI. If IBW was used to calculate a weight goal for Mr. McKinley, then his weight goal would be 166 lbs. If BMI was used, this would require Mr. McKinley to lose over 230 lbs. However, both of these methods are highly unreasonable, given Mr. McKinley’s current body weight, BMI, UBW, and considering that he has weighed over 250 lbs. for over 20 years now. Therefore, both of these methods are unacceptable for determining an appropriate weight goal for Mr. McKinley. A 5-10% loss in body weight in obese persons is likely to improve blood glucose, blood pressure and cholesterol levels.1 Since Mr. McKinley has already lost a little
One study reveals that the weight-loss benefits of cardiovascular exercises are already an established medical fact (Hope, Kumanyika, Shults and Holmes 1028). John, therefore, has an ally in strenuous activities. For example, he may do weekend runs for at least thirty minutes non-stop. If not, he may do three runs of ten minutes each per Saturday. The initial run can serve as his gauge for the succeeding runs, whether he needs to increase or decrease the duration. Consistency is crucial. John must make regular weekend runs in order to achieve continuous weight loss. However, this does not mean that he has to run the same distance throughout. Eventually, John may level-up his jogging routine by extending the number of minutes, by increasing the total distance per run, or by shifting to elevating paths instead of simply running on flat
A Surgeon General's report (Anonymous,1996) addresses the finding that continuous and consistent physical activity is proven to enhance longevity and the quality of life for people of all ages. Furthermore, the report notes that although it has been recognized for years that regular physical activity can lead to substantial health benefits, 60% of American adults are not regularly active, and 25% of the adult population are not active at all. Paffenbarger (1996) states that physical fitness and exercise can reduce the risk of diseases such as heart disease, non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, some cancers, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, and obesity. Studies also show that exercise can promote psychological well-being and reduce feelings of anxiety and depression (http://www.medgraph.com/aboutexercise.html).
Cardiovascular disease is known to be the leading cause of death. One would ponder upon the main cause of such a disease. When it comes to the risk factors, the two main causes of cardiovascular disease are lack of physical activity and unhealthy eating habits. “You are what you eat” is a common phrase, which is used to emphasize the significance of a healthy diet as key to a better health. For instance, if an individual consumes unhealthy meals on a daily basis, he or she would accumulate fat in their body and be unhealthy. Exercising and consuming healthy foods daily not only improve the health of an individual, but also extend his or her life span. The main benefits of exercising and nutrition include weight control, increased energy, better health, better mood, and stronger bones.