Maraging steels of different compositions have been prepared by means of induction furnace electro slag remelting technique using titanium and chromium instead of cobalt which is a high expensive strategic element, also nickel content was reduced to 10-13%. Mass attenuation coefficients, half value layers and effective atomic numbers have been determined for the prepared samples at photon energies 238, 583, 661, 911, 1173, 1332 and 2614keV. The results are compared with the corresponding theoretical calculations. In addition, the hardness has been determined for the investigated steels. High nitrogen free nickel steel and carbon steel samples have been also investigated for the sake of comparison. The achieved results reveal the superiority of cobalt-free maraging steels comparing with the other investigated high nitrogen free nickel and carbon steels to be used as a proper shielding material in the nuclear domain. Among the investigated cobalt-free maraging steels, a steel of constituent's "0.05%C-13.26%Ni-2.15%Cr-4.3%Mo-0.02%Ti-0.01%V" has the best attenuation properties. The obtained results are useful for potential applications of these alloys in industrial and nuclear applications.
Keywords: maraging steel- cobalt free- gamma shielding- effective atomic number- mass attenuation coefficients.
Radiation is part of our life, so researchers have focused on studying the photon interaction parameters with matter (attenuation coefficients). This is due to increasing the use of radioactive sources in different fields such as medicine, tomography, and nuclear research applications. The attenuation coefficient is an important parameter to characterize the penetration and diffusion of gamma rays in matter. The absorbed and scattered ra...
... middle of paper ...
...vily redistributed than Ni3Mo precipitate in the very early stage of aging, when both Ti and Mo are present in material.
Another point to remove cobalt that it has radioactive isotopes resulted from irradiation with high energy neutron flux so this is too danger for being used as a shielding material. The most common radioactive isotope is cobalt-60 that is produced when structural materials, such as steel, are exposed to neutron radiation. 60Co nucleus emits two gamma rays with energies of 1.17 and 1.33 MeV.
The purpose of the present work is to investigate the interactions of the gamma radiation with the new alloys by measuring mass attenuation coefficients for different gamma energies ranged from 235 to 2614 keV by using different point radioactive sources 133Ba, 137Cs , 60Co and 232Th, and comparing these results with the corresponding theoretical calculations.
These gamma rays, produced by the annihilation of a positron and an electron, leave the patient’s body and are detected by the PET scanner. The detection of positron-annihilation events forms the heart of any PET scanner. In most systems, the Gamma detector is a BGO (bismuth germinate oxide) crystal, a high-density scintillator. When it is combined with high performance photomultiplier tubes (PMTs), the detection of 511 KeV gamma rays is possible.
In order to understand the risks associated with nuclear energy, it is necessary to understand the properties of radiation and their effects. The term radiation refers to a wide range of things. Ionizing radiation is the kind that can and does cause damage. Ionizing radiation creates ions when it strikes something, which can then affect matter such as human tissue. The two main types of ionizing radiation are electromagnetic and particle. Ionizing electromagnetic radiation includes x-rays, gamma rays, and cosmic rays. Ionizing particle radiation involves alpha particles, which are helium nuclei, beta particles or electrons, and neutrons. Gamma rays, alpha particles, and beta particles are the main forms of radioactivity associated with nuclear power (Taylor, 1996).
Steel consists mainly of iron with a small amount -- between 0.2 and 2.1 percent -- of carbon. Steel is very hard and strong. Steel has a very high strength to weight ratio. All these properties make it suitable as a material for car bodies. Steel is often alloyed with small quantities of manganese, chromium, tungsten and vanadium to make it even
The compound Nichrome is an alloy, made by joining nickel, iron and chromium metals. These metals are good resistors thus making it perfect for this application and for a heating element. In comparison the creation of Nichrome and the heating element has made life easier from what it was 50 years ago making it a great engineered product.
Niobium is added to steel in its production. The addition of Niobium when added to steel allows for the metal to harden. This allows for a stronger steel to be used in both pipes and cars. However Niobium also acts as a brilliant superalloy and is commonly used in rocket assemblies, gas turbines, and jet engines. Niobium plays a vital role in the nozzle of rockets. The Apollo rockets are a most notable case, there rocket nozzles were made up of a Niobium alloy known as C-103. However uses of Niobium are also found in superconducting magnets. These magnets are helpful in the medical devices such as MRI scanners. It is also present in particle accelerators. Most notably, the LHC uses 600 tonnes of niobium
There many heavy metals, however in this project we have focused on Co (II). Because
[9] B.Kempf, E. Sjöstrom, D. Kaufmann, J. Breme, Universität des Saarlandes Saarbrücken, W. Weise, University of Applied Sciences Esslingen, New Filler Metals for Brazing of Stainless Steel. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Materialkunde.
This shows that aluminium stops radiation at 3.5 mm, this would be difficult to use because, this thickness of Aluminium is not malleable and the aluminium is not soft enough to puncture. Lead can stop radiation at very thin thickness', also lead is very malleable and is soft enough to puncture. I will use Lead shield at 0.6mm thick, since it is the most abundant thickness' available and it is the easiest to form to any shape I want.
Among the various metal joining processes, orbital TIG welding has become a well established method, although a considerable deficient of information about the various possibilities of this challenging technique still under research. Aerospace industry, pharmaceutical industry, high speed rails, nuclear industry, food industry, microelectronic industry , oil and gas industry rely on orbital welding.
Alpha radiation consists of positively charged particles emitted from the nucleus of an atom in the process of decay. With strong positive charge, the density of alpha precludes them from penetrating more than an inch of air or a sheet of paper. Because of this, alpha particles are not a serious health hazard except when they...
Over View: Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (Vizag Steel) is the country’s first shore based integrated steel plant. The company is 100% owned by Government of India. The plant with 3Mt liquid steel capacity with 100 % long product
Gamma cameras and Single Photon emission computerized Tomography (SPECT) scanners are used for planer and tomographic imaging of gamma
Copper has high electrical conductivity and thus also high thermal conductivity. Naval brass which is the alloy of copper has high hardness when compared to all other alloys of copper. It has high electrical resistance, high strength and high corrosion resistance when compared to other alloy of copper. So, it is difficult to fusion welding of copper and naval brass. The major problem of these alloys in fusion welding is the evaporation of zinc during the welding process. At the end of welding, the welded metal becomes
Although, almost of the radioactive wastes come from manufacturing sources contain natural radioactivity called [NORM].After human processing these substances or concentrate them, it becomes technologically-enhanced naturally –occurring radioactive materials[TENORM].allot of this waste is alpha partials emitting matter from the decay chains of uranium and thorium .Also the potassium (the main source of radiation in human's body ) and rocks are considered as radiation sources even with their low level radioactivity .
According to many resources, in general, Heavy metals can be defined as any metallic chemical component that has a relatively high density and is toxic at low concentrations. For thousands of years, they have been used in many different ...