The Coca Plant
Erythroxylum coca Lamark is a tropical shrub of the order Geraniales and the family Erythroxylaceae. Two tropical genera of the dicotyledons totaling approximately 250 species of trees and shrubs compose this family. Family characteristics are alternate, undivided, lobeless, toothless leaves, and small flowers in clusters from the leaf axils with persistent calyces with five lobes or sepals, five petals often with appendages, ten persistent stamens united at their bases, and three styles. The fruits are small drupes. (see Everett, 1981and Angiosperms in Brittanica Online) The name Erythroxylum comes from the Greek erythros, red, and xylon wood. Lamarck described the species E. coca in 1786. (Plowman,1982)
Distribution
Erythroxylum coca is cultivated in Africa, northern South America, southeast Asia, and Taiwan. It grows from 2-4m (8 feet) tall. The plants thrive best in hot, damp situations, such as the clearing of forests, but the leaves most preferred are obtained in drier locations, such as on the sides of hills. (Boucher) The Plants are found mainly in relatively small areas of Peru and Bolivia, the major producing countries.
The upper Huallaga Valley, along a tributary of the Amazon in Peru, produces 60% of the world's coca. In Bolivia, the crop traditionally was grown on steep eastern slopes of the Yungas region of the Andes Mountains at elevations of 1000 to 2000 meters. However, in recent decades, the lower-elevation Chapare Valley overtook the Yungas in production, and cultivation is now expanding into lowland rain forests. (see "Coca" in Britannica Online)
History & Traditional Uses
Archaeological evidence indicates that coca was domesticated by 1500 BC. In pre-Columbian times, coca was a major element of the economy (Hastdorf, 1987). Andean peasants and miners traditionally have consumed coca by sucking wads of leaves, keeping them in their cheeks for hours at a time. Often the coca is combined with chalk or ash, which helps dissolve the alkaloids into saliva. Coca chewing reduces hunger pain, and workers say the leaves give them strength and endurance to work for many hours at high altitudes, often in extreme cold. Some of the healthiest and hardest-working Indians on the Colombian Amazon the Yukunas consume enormous amounts of coca leaves daily, but this not a problem as they have time to raise their crops, hunt, fish and supply their food. (Linales) Perhaps the most ancient use of coca in South America is its employment in various shaman practices and religious rituals.
Hitler had many things against the jews. These are a few reasons. First of all he felt as if they were responsible for World War 1. Antisemitism was also a big thing. Antisemitism was a huge part of the reason why Hitler hated the jews, this is because he didn't see them as people he didn't see them as any race. Hitler hated everything about the jews. He wanted to create what he called the master race. He would spare all caucasian people of nordic descent. Hitler felt like the jews did not conform to this policy. He was mad because during the depression the jews were not as poor as others. He was depressed when Germany lost World War 1 and he kept on hearing rumors over and over again that the jews did it and he started to believe it. He believed
...imply as a stimulant. Therefore, although cocaine is a stronger stimulant than regular coca, native Andean people prefer to use coca because of its cultural associations, history of use before European interactions and its various other medicinal purposes. In addition, native Andeans are more likely to use coca than cocaine because it is grown close to home and requires less processing. Although European influence existed in the development of cocaine, the people of Latin America were able to maintain the identity of the coca leaf in face of this external influence.
First, let’s get some background information. What was the basic reason for Hitler’s persecution of the Jews? Adolf Hitler wanted to create an empire of what he thought was a “superior race” in Northern Europe. He believed that Jews, Gypsies, Poles, Russians, people with disabilities, and people that were not white were not important, and should even be eliminated! He called this “superior race” Aryans.(Altman)
Between 1933 and 1945, nazi Germany established about 20,000 camps to imprison its many millions of victims called jews. These camps were used for a long range of purposes including hard labor. There were many jews in the camps some were beaten and tortured by wooden sticks and whips. Some had to ride in trucks to the camps that smelled horrible and many jews had died in the trucks on there way to the camps. There was about 9 million jews in the camps total.
jewish people were a race who wanted for generations to take domination of the world. For this reason Hitler decided to “protect” Germany. His way of protecting Germany was putting jews in concentration camps and executing them
One of the initial thoughts I have about virtue ethics is that it is a way of thinking that has more practical application in the "real world". In a way, virtue ethics integrates intuition, wisdom, and intelligence rather than excluding them from the decision-making process. It further incorporates the person's past experiences and the way they think about themselves. Additionally, the good and the bad potentials for social prospects are taken into consideration.
the way it came straight from the beautiful mind of Jehovah God himself the bible is truly unique and special. With all these qualities I believe it can truly help people of all walks of life. I see what the bible has done for me in all my life and I know the bible’s powers are infinite and all of those powers are truly
This type of theory is completely different than Kantian Ethics. The idea that one’s characteristics are what makes up their morality. This is where the right action is considered to be determined “not by consulting rules, but by asking what a truly virtuous person would do”. This type of ethical theory was seen as a different method and had even inspired philosophers such as Aristotle, Plato, Socrates, and Gandhi. Virtue Ethics implies that we do the right thing for the right reason and by “developing virtues” would be the way to achieve a satisfying life. This method is considered to be part of the healing arts, and is a quality that is expected in healthcare positions by displaying the virtues of compassion, honesty, and trustworthiness. Virtue Ethics is one of the theories that some individuals can relate to including myself. Through Virtue Ethics we can see a relation or almost common area in the theory of The Ethics of Care where the focus shifts to the virtues and feelings to close relationships. Ethics Care is thought of the belief that moral life is about feeling for and caring for someone who may have a special connection with. Virtue Ethics and Ethics of Care are similar to a degree on the basis that both theories are indicating that the idea of morality may be established through compassion and caring and can be seen as the most influential theory that no other theories truly took into
The Bible has many uses and it is often discussed what is in the Bible. Four scholarly writers, Barth, Brueggeman, Mertan, and Achtemeier, Green, and Thompson, write about what is in the Bible and how people use it. After reading into papers written by these authors, I have made an argument, as well, about what is in the Bible. Based off of these authors, I have come to a conclusion that the bible is a series of ideologies that is set in the storytelling process, an ever changing interpretation of stories, and is a lot deeper in meaning than one person can find out and thus should always be read with caution and deeper thoughts in mind.
During my journey as a Christian, the Bible has been used as a book of wisdom. Many elders in my church will use scriptures to define the world we live in today. From homosexuality to controlling addiction, the Bible became the answer to my problems. However, it does have me wonder why Christians are compelled to the Bible when it has been created by man. I do believe that Bible is a wisdom book, but there is a difference between how God’s Word operates in other resources and the Bible itself.
Virtue ethics, also sometimes called aspirational ethics, focuses on the character of an individual as the key element of morality; thus, an act is right if performed by a fully virtuous person. When compared to the other main ethical theories, such as utilitarian or deontological ethics, virtue ethics aims to answer fundamentally different questions: “What sort of person should I be?” and “What is the good life?”. Aristotle, the first formulator of virtue ethics, focused on three key concepts within virtue ethics: eduaimonia, arête, and telos. Eduaimonia can best be defined as “happiness”, “well-being”, or flourishing of an individual. Arete is virtue which can be defined as “whatever makes a thing an ‘outstanding specimen’ of its kind”. Finally,
It is said that about 2,000 children die from being physically abused each year (Widom). The number of children who are suffering must decrease because victims can have emotional damage for the rest of their lives. Unfortunately, people who are involved in child abuse are usually a guardian or another person in the child’s life (“child”). Those who are close to a child are usually the ones to inflict abuse on him or her . This can cause emotional and relationship problems between the child and the abuser. There are a few different forms of child abuse that can be inflicted on the child. For example, “molestation, incest, rape, prostitution, or the use of a child for pornographic reasons are all considered child abuse. Physical abuse is characterized by physical injury, usually inflicted as a result of a beating or inappropriately harsh discipline. Forms of emotional or psychological abuse are inappropriate punishment, verbal abuse, and scapegoating. Neglect can be physical, such as abandonment or failure to seek health care, or emotional, like the abuse of a spouse or another child in the child’s presence or letting a child witness adult substance abuse” (“child”). These types of abuse can create a feeling of neglect or abandonment which could cause emotional damage to the child. Child abuse is such a significant issue that efforts should be made to eliminate this
The bible was written as an account of what many viewed that God had accomplished so his actions and words could be passed on for generations. Some believe it is a literary account and some believe it is a historical account. The word of God in the bible comes in many forms and is left up to interpretation by the reader. Some believe that the word of God should be the only word and should be strictly followed. Some believe that the words are meant as a guideline to help us through life. Whatever your belief is you can always seem to find the meaning behind your belief through the word of God in the Bible.
2. Cocaine is derived from the leaves of the cocoa plant and is then further processed to produce the common street drug.
“All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in righteousness” (2 Timothy 3:16) The word of God is all the same as him. The word is truthful, a dependable authority and a source of strength. Therefore, when I say that the word is God, it is also means it is like him. “In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.” (John 1:1) The word of God is true, knowing and living forever. “The Word became flesh and made his dwelling among us. We have seen his glory, the glory of the one and only Son, who came from the Father, full of grace and truth.” (John 1:14) It holds many promises and praises to God. It teaches us to be strong and feeds what is upright. “Let us discern for ourselves what is right; let us learn together what is good.” (Job 34:4) The word is the teaching that makes us equipped. Each day a scripture will encourage you, refresh your perspective and help you focus your thoughts on God. I believe the word of God is our teacher, trainer and so much more. “I give you sound learning, so do not forsake my teachings.” (Proverbs