Defined in Chemtrek as “The presence of the dissolved divalent cations Ca2+ and Mg2+. . . (which) gives natural waters chemical properties”, hard water has always been a curse to both animals and man 1 . It promotes scale, the buildup of magnesium and calcium to the point where a rock-like substance forms in household and industrial pipes, disrupts natural habitats and reproductive cycles of fresh water fish, and causes many health-related problems in humans 2 . To avoid such problems, it is important to understand ways that commercial businesses and homeowners can test for hard water. This experiment examines two possible methods of testing water hardness. They include: AA spectroscopy, which measures a water sample's absorption …show more content…
My hypothesis stated that the water from Little Chickies Creek would be the hardest because it is located by several limestone quarries, which deposit calcium and magnesium into creeks and streams 5 . I proposed that the water from Stone Valley Lake would have the second highest levels of calcium and magnesium because it is also in an area with a lot of limestone. I also proposed that the water from the pond on Orr Avenue would be the third hardest since the surrounding area has some limestone. However, I presumed that the water from the Allegheny River would be the softest because it has been affected by Acid Mine Drainage, a process where run-off from coal mining seeps into water sources and raises its acidity and pH, therefore lowering its hardness 6 …show more content…
With respect to each member's sample, I felt that the precision of the AA spectroscopy and EDTA results were not that precise because the values were far apart from each other. For instance, my data had AA spectroscopy and EDTA titration values of 167.31ppm and 240ppm respectively. However, I observed that the lake's and pond's values were precise when compared to each other because they had the same EDTA titration values and nearly identical AA spectroscopy values. (Refer to Chart 3 in Results)
I also determined that the accuracy of my data may have been affected by factors such as location of the water sample and incorrect measurements. To determine the accuracy for this experiment, I calculated the experimental error for the AA spectroscopy values in order to see how the concentration of my water sample differed from the concentration values provided by the chemistry department. The following are calculations for the experimental error of calcium and magnesium concentrations:
Experimental error = observed value – accepted value X
Two solutions were prepared by using Calcium Nitrate Ca(〖NO_3)〗_2 with concentration of 0.101 M, Potassium Iodate KIO_3 with concentration of 0.100 M, and deionized water. First solution contained 25.0 mL of Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. In the second solution, 15.0 mL of deionized water were added with 10.0 mL Calcium Nitrate and 25.0 mL of Potassium Iodate. Each of these solutions was mixed for 15 minutes. After the reaction of the solutions took place, each of the solutions was filtered. To remove water liquid from the filtered solution, both of the precipitates in the
This is an experimental lab that tested if drinking water passes the United States maximum phosphate standard. The results of this lab can help the American who drink the water know if there are too much phosphate in the water. Each group made a Potassium phosphate dilution from a stock solution. The concentration of the solution that needed to made affected the amount of Potassium phosphate that was diluted. To create a calibration curve, each group used the different concentrated Potassium phosphate solutions in their test.
Throughout The Awakening, water the main motif serves as a catalyst to the metamorphosis of Edna. During the length of the story Edna goes through a process of changes that coincides with the presence of water. Water serves as a conduit for liberation and empowerment that facilitates the rebirth and even death of Edna. In this essay I will argue that the motif of water represents the continual transformations that occur within Edna throughout the story.
Pape believes that the data proves that there is little connection between suicide terrorism and Islamic fundamentalism. Pape spends a sufficient time on many chapter of the book explaining to the reader that foreign occupation is the cause of suicide terrorism. The main agitator of suicide attacks is “the Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, a Marxist-Leninist group whose members are from Hindu families but who are adamantly opposed to religion” (Pape pg. 9). The Tamil Tigers committed 76 of the 315 suicide attacks. The author clearly and convincingly gets his message across by supporting
Smith, Dave. “Medical’ Marijuana: 10 Health Benefits That Legitimize Legalization.” www.ibtimes.com. IBT Media Inc., 8 Aug. 2012. Web. 15 Apr. 2016
Suicide bombers have a distinct image in western media and in academic literature. Gilbert Burnham articulates that suicide bombers arise where there is widespread suffering and anger with a desire for retribution from those who have experiences personal or communal losses . U.S. Senator ...
There are numerous way of conducting a study on death penalty but the right way should be researched ahead of time before conclusion are made. Proving current and accurate information on death penalty statistics should be researched based on new information found, using previous studies will only hurt the new research and provide false information to the public and the government’s database. Approaching the right subjects who fit the requirements for the study and have characteristics that carry out criminal behavior will provided the right statistics for the study.
Sheaffer, John R., and Leonard A. Stevens. Future Water. New York: William Morrow and Company, 1983.
The biggest challenge that the United States faces, according to the members within the United States National Security establishment, is terrorism. While suicide terrorism is not the only form of terrorism the United States has been faced with, it has recently been growing into the more common type of terrorism in this age. There are several theories that are associated with suicide terrorism, such as those of Robert Pape and David Horowitz, and it is interesting to analyze and compare the theories and ideas of these intellectuals.
However, when the pH levels reach a certain stage, the iron can then precipitate out, coating sediments with the characteristic yellow, red or orange colourings (D.E.P. 2, 2002; U.S.G.S. ; U.S.E.P.A., 2002). The rate that A.M.D. advances is also influenced by the presence of certain bacteria (Doyle; U.S.G.S). A.M.D. that has dissolved heavy metals such as copper, lead and mercury can contaminate ground and surface water.
Today's waters are constantly being treated like sewage dumps or trash cans. We use them as garbage cans every day polluting the water more and more. "Pollution is often by way of rivers, drains and outflow pipes." Causing an outflow of sewage into our ocean waters. This is not only affecting the community but also the marine life and other sea creatures living in the ocean." This pollution includes human sewage and domestic waste water, factory outflows of acids and poisonous metals, engine oil from roadside drains and garages, farm chemicals washed off the land by rain, building-site rubble, nuclear waste from power plants, and oil from wells, refineries, and tankers." Stating that most of today's waste is from factory or factory ran products that shouldn't be polluting the water
Water is the most important substance in our evolution and our daily lives. Without water,
Hennigan, Robert D. "Water Pollution." Oxford University Press 19.11 (1969): 976-78. Web. 16 Apr. 2014.
Marijuana has been a problem since the early 1900s and continues to create problems. The Federal Bureau of Narcotics created a law which prohibited marijuana use in 1937 (Reinarman 128). Twenty years later, THC was discovered to be the main psychoactive component in marijuana causing its negative side effects (Reinarman 129). Almost seventy-five years later, the United States is still battling the problem with illegal marijuana use. Although scientists discovered the negative effects fifty years ago, the information has gone practically unnoticed and the amount of users continues to increase. Approximately half of the United States population has used marijuana at one point (Reinarman 129). Instead of outlawing marijuan...
Smith, Zachary A., and Grenetta Thomassey. Freshwater Issues: A Reference Handbook. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2002. Print