The Challenges of Textbook Selection and Adoption in our Public Schools
In textbook adoption systems, a committee selects or recommends what books and other primary instructional materials actually get to local classrooms. This process is practiced in up to 25 states. Adoption is done mainly in the South and West and dates back to the Reconstruction era. Procedures for selecting textbooks arose in the states in the late nineteenth century. By the early twentieth century, a balance between the numbers of states using state-level or local-level adoption procedures had been established.
At the same time as the publishing industry was developing in the USA, the states enacted legislation controlling the adoption of textbooks and the provision of free textbooks. In Kordus’s (2000) article, it was found that legislation standardizing procedures for adopting textbooks arose during the mid-nineteenth century in each state in response to the development of graded organization requiring uniform textbooks for formal schooling in classes. Initially, uniformity was practiced at the local level through laws requiring each local school board to adopt a list of textbooks, which parents were required to supply over a given period of time.
The provision of free textbooks to students in public schools was first mandated in Philadelphia in 1818, and extended to the state level when Massachusetts became the first state to enact legislation in 1884. Instances of laws extending the adoption of textbooks and mandating the provision of free textbooks to the state level increased during the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century, but at different rates.
The highly political process of determining textbook content and selection for classroom...
... middle of paper ...
...ant a copy of published district policies for controversial materials and explain the procedure to be followed.
• Have a review committee provide the school board with a final report.
• Inform the complainant of the review process and when committee meetings are slated.
• Provide an appeals process.
• While the complaint is being explored, keep the controversial material available, except possibly to the student whose family has filed a challenge.
In summary, the NSBA report states that "the challenge is not to avoid censorship, but to meet it head on with adequate policies and procedures that provide an open forum for deciding what should -- or should not -- take place in public schools." Although Frank Wang, former CEO of Saxon Publishers put it another way – “Adoption systems success is about playing the game, playing the politics, and kissing the right rear-end.”
Books today are everywhere. We find them in many households, libraries and schools all around the globe. We find many different types of books; from stories to educational textbooks, we regard them today as sources of knowledge and amusement. But it wasn’t the case before 1455. That year, one of the greatest inventions in human history was revealed to the world; Gutenberg’s printing press. This press allowed printing in massive quantity, spreading books all around Europe and the rest of the world at a fast rate. The printing press had many positive consequences on society. At first, it standardized grammar and spelling, and then introduced the mass production of books. It finally inspired future printing technologies around the world.
She starts her article by describing her first contact with censorship and continues to talk about her experiences as an author with writing her own books being barred. She takes account of her personal views on how to handle topics people feel should be forbidden from children. She also adds that books should open up conversation between parents and their children. Blume states that we should not let fear be a deciding factor on what is right or wrong but rather be informed and educated about the things we fear. She also said , if applied, censorship is a personal choice and government should not decide what is suitable and what is not suitable for everyone else’s children.
The reform of history textbook has always been a growing concern. In her “America Revised: A History of Schoolbooks in the twentieth century,” Frances Fitzgerald reveals that history books are updated but modified substantially to comply with the national interest at the time. Fitzgerald’s argument is slightly biased and some pieces of evidence are not sufficient or might even be far-fetched. However, she successfully conveys her argument through comprehensively contrasting the current history books for children with histories of the fifties using various rhetorical devices and plentiful examples.
Privacy was once taken for granted in public education, but now through the 1974 law, Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act it is pushed to the forefront of the minds of every educator in the United States (Cossler, 2010). This law has paved the way for many lawsuits regarding privacy of student’s records, which have left teachers scared, undereducated and unaware of certain regulations of the law. FERPA laws provide protections for students, but also allow access of all student records to the student’s custodial parents, which in some situations has cause problems and in some cases have specifically brought clarifications of the law. Has the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act provided the much needed privacy for students or created an overboard policies?
In a recent study that was conducted the rate of individuals attending college has increased. This increase in students comes at a time when the country has been described as being in a recession. With job losses, companies closing and lack of job availability many people are returning to school. This return to the classroom comes at a cost. The rate of college tuition has risen in the last few years. In my home state of Kentucky, it appears both of the major Universities have asked to raise tuition every other year. When college cost rise so does the tools needed to attend college. One of the most expensive tools is books. Last year I enrolled my son in college when calculating the books for his classes, we soon learned that the cost of his books and the cost of my books were almost on month’s salary. My family soon learned if we were going to be able to not only attend college but have the necessary tools needed, we would have to consider alternatives to buying books. I did some research and soon discovered that technology had again come to the rescue. I found a company called Chegg that is an online book rental company. This company provides students with an alternative to buying books by renting them for a portion of the price. According to their article in CrunchBase named “Chegg edit” the company began at Iowa University in 2005 as a “hyper-local” classified directory. It was not until 2007 that the company introduced their textbook rental service. When looking at the company from an Information Systems standpoint I would say it ranks up there with the creative ideas of the century. You go online type in your order and it is processed within a matter of days. During the next portion of this paper we will loo...
This article, “Why Are Textbooks So Expensive?” by Henry Roediger reveals the truth of why textbooks are so pricey. He shows how textbooks prices are costly not because of inflation, corporate textbook companies, and frequent revisions, but because of the sale of used textbooks. The article is elaborating on why used textbooks are the real culprit as well. One main point that is highlighted is that used textbooks are resold for many years. The initial selling of the textbook is the only time the author will make a profit, but the bookstore will make a profit every time they resell a used book. It is essential for the author to raise the price to compensate for the loss of money when dealing with used textbooks.
Standardized testing requires student to answer same or similar questions with given answer choices that are often in multiple choice or true or false form. Dating back from 2200 B.C standardized testing is recorded being used in China ,where people applying for government jobs had to take an examination ,testing their knowledge on confucian philosophy and poetry.During the mid-1800s in Industrial Revolution ,soon after child labor laws were enacted taking children out of farms and factories and putting them into schools the use of standardized test was introduced to America in Boston. Standardized testing was being used to compare schools and teaching quality; Boston’s program was soon adopted nation wide. Types of standardized test including the most common achievement tests and aptitude test. Achievement test measure the progress a student has made academically in a time period. Whereas an aptitude test attempt to predict a student’s ability to succeed academically.Standardized test are used on a large scale because computers can score them quickly, consistently, and inexpensively rather than open ended essay questions which need to be evaluated essay by essay, though essay questions allow for deeper thinking.The purpose for standardized testing is to create a standard on which all students can learn equally,but in “The Real threat to American Schools” by Alfie Kohn, the author claims that idea of standards might not be true. The author makes an interesting point in that if the possibility that all students met the state standards and passed all the tests would those students be considered ‘perfectly educated’ of would the politicians and test takers believe instead that the test was too easy and the standards were too low. B...
Overall, we see the textbook companies being pulled in multiple directions fearing influence from powerful lobby groups to create bland textbooks, which have limited multiple viewpoints, and controversy. Loewen, talks about only the good traits of historical figures like Woodrow Wilson, instead of showing both sides. Tyack presents a similar viewpoint, that textbooks are all about American Acceptualism and that we as society did no wrong. Lastly, in the Lindaman piece, each nation does the same thing in order to show their nation is good light or limit the dirty laundry of their past.
Farber, Jerry “ A Young Person’s Guide to the Grading System” Dissent Fall 1997: 102-04 in Mary Lynch Kennedy and Haley M. Smith. Reading and writing in the Academic Community. 2nd ed, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall 2001. 333-336.
With colonists grouped in towns and large settlements, it was easier to organize the schools. Early Massachusetts laws of 1642 and 1647 that every parent “be” responsible for having his or hers child learn to read. A law in America passed that every town of 50 families had to appoint a teacher and all children attend school to learn reading and writing.
...university needs to stop requiring packaged materials and should move away from textbooks that require one-time access codes. Also, they can reuse textbooks for several semesters because the core information remains the same from edition to edition, eliminating the need to constantly replace the stock with every new edition. Students would be held responsible for the condition of their assigned book, and will also be given the option of keeping it at the end of the semester. In either case, the school has options in place to recover the cost of the textbook should a student destroy or decide to keep a specific book. By implementing such a program, students at the University of Delaware will be less inclined to resort to illegal measures to save money, and they will certainly be less likely to incur even more debt as the cost of college tuition continues to rise.
The censoring of books and other literatures in schools by parents is a common thing, even in the United States, where the freedom within the law protects the educator’s judgment of their professional standards, meaning schools should be trusted to practice their rights to choose which materials may or may not be used in children’s learning environment. Schools already censor materials that are deemed not suitable for young students; school books should not be used to push ideological positions, they should be used to teach children the truth and expose them to ideas that will expand their knowledge, not by influencing them, but by making them understand.
In L. Frank Baum’s book The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, Dorothy and her friends embark on a journey to the castle of the Wizard, who rules over Emerald City. They reach the hall of the Wizard, and the creature which they discover is intimidating and authoritative; however, Toto the dog eventually spots an inconspicuous curtain in the corner of the room. Upon pulling back the dark cloth, the group discovers that the Wizard of Oz is not the magnificent, omniscient being whom they had once thought him to be, but a simple man (Wonderful Wizard). The Common Core State Standards are not at all unlike the wizard from Baum’s novel, and they constitute perhaps the most controversial topic in the educational world today.
Clifford H. Edwards; Laurie Edwards, “Let’s end the grading game”, The Clearing House, May-June 1999, v72, i5, p260(4)
All institutions whether attending a university, community, or even a technical college, requires the student to purchase a textbook in order to be successful in the class. Some textbooks aren’t even open all semester and the information and statistics can be out of date and can greatly affect your overall knowledge on certain topics. In addition, cost free text books can enhance the quality of education by the teachers and serve more accessibility to working students. Although councils and administrations can’t approve cost free text books, policies such as, Open Textbook, bookstore rentals, and affordable textbook act should be offered nationwide. As an experienced freshmen surviving the first year of college, textbooks should be purchased free of cost provided by institutions throughout the country.