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Mental illness in 1752
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During the time period in question it was common belief that witches existed and were to blame for the misfortune of others. There have been a plethora of other explanations for the apparently supernatural incidences. The one that I am going to focus on in this post is that of undiagnosed hallucinations and mental illnesses in 17th century Scotland. In the reading by McLachlan and Swales titled ‘The Bewitchment of Christian Shaw: A Reassessment of the Famous Paisley Witchcraft Case of 1697’, as stated in the title the authors chose to focus on the specific case of an eleven year old girl by the name of Christian Shaw. The author’s describe the man facts of the case and some possible explanations for why the events played out the
The Salem witchcraft trials of 1692 in Salem, Massachusetts can be considered a horrendous period in American history, yet is also viewed as the turning point in what was considered acceptable in a contemporary society. In a documentation of a trial against a woman named Sarah Good, the reader is able to see the way in which such an accusation was treated and how society as a whole reacted to such a claim. Sarah Good fell victim to the witchcraft hysteria because she was different, and that fear of her divergence from the Puritan lifestyle led to her eventual demise.
Witch hunting occurs when members of the local community and authority figures within Scotland have gotten suspicious of people within the community. Throughout many years, witch hunting in early modern Scotland has been sporadically occurring until the 1640s when there was an intense amount of witch hunting occurring thus allowing people to be prosecuted. When it comes to witch hunting, a person who was seen as “witches” had to be consumed by the Devil thus making them evil. When it comes to the Weir Trials, only Jane had taken part in sorcery and witchcraft but they both had dealings with the Devil thus allowing them to be put in the witch hunts. While in prison, Jane confessed to the hierarchy of Edinburgh that both her and her brother had made arrangements and a contract with the Devil before the prosecution in
According to the lecture, a man named Reverend Samuel Parris started the up rise of witchcraft in the early 1691, when his daughter Elizabeth Parris and niece Abigail Williams became ill. Parris questioned the young girls who were doing witchcraft, which they named Tituba, Sarah Good, and Sarah Osborne. Later, they were killed. Moreover, others started to follow and blame their neighbors for their animals becoming sick or if someone was to pass away. Human-beings appear to have this trait that they are mindless sheep and do not recognize that because someone else does it, it is not acceptable to shadow in his or her footsteps. Furthermore, due to their absence of modern knowledge, the village people were incapable to make civil and justifiable
The bewitchment at Salem Village started in the winter of 1691-1692, where three bored little girls was curiously searching for their future husbands by taking the white of an egg and putting it into a glass of water. They did this in hopes to see their visions. The daughter of the reverend Parris in the village was one of the little girls, and soon after the session, Betty Parris started experiencing knif...
Most of the accusations were made against innocent people for reasons of economic conditions, teenage boredom, and personal jealousies. Of course there was also the fact that people weren’t aware of the certain mental illnesses caused by their environment. For example the one of the first people to be accused of witchcraft was a young girl named Betty Paris who one day became very ill with convulsive erogtism. Ergot is a fungus that invades growing kernels of rye, so it is very likely that she got sick from simply eating bread. Since people were scientifically unable to explain her sudden seizures and hallucinations she was accused of witchcraft.
Throughout the late 17th century and into the early 18th century witchcraft prosecutions had been declining. This trend was the result of a multitude of social developments which altered the mentality of society. One of the predominant factors in this decline was the Scientific Revolution, the most important effect of these advances was making society question concepts of witchcraft. Along with this new mental outlook, we see that the Reformation had a similar effect on social opinion concerning witchcraft and magic. These two developments changed societies view on the occult and this led to a wider scepticism concerning witchcraft, this favoured those who had been accused and therefore caused a decline in prosecutions. Beyond the two trends mentioned however, it is important to consider judicial reforms and an improved socio-economic situation which reduced tensions within society. These two changes were certainly not as influential as the Scientific Revolution and the Reformation but heavily altered the circumstances in which accusations were normally made. With the altered social attitudes and mental outlook these changes in living situations all contributed to bring about the decline in witchcraft prosecutions.
The term witchcraft is defines as the practice of magic intended to influence nature. It is believed that only people associated with the devil can perform such acts. The Salem Witch Trials was much more than just America’s history, it’s also part of the history of women. The story of witchcraft is first and foremost the story of women. Especially in its western life, Karlsen (1989) noted that “witchcraft challenges us with ideas about women, with fears about women, with the place of women in society and with women themselves”. Witchcraft also confronts us too with violence against women. Even through some men were executed as witches during the witch hunts, the numbers were far less then women. Witches were generally thought to be women and most of those who were accused and executed for being witches were women. Why were women there so many women accused of witchcraft compared to men? Were woman accused of witchcraft because men thought it was a way to control these women? It all happened in 1692, in an era where women were expected to behave a certain way, and women were punished if they threatened what was considered the right way of life. The emphasis of this paper is the explanation of Salem proceedings in view of the role and the position of women in Colonial America.
The witch hunts in early modern Europe were extensive and far reaching. Christina Larner, a sociology professor at the University of Glasgow and an influential witchcraft historian provides valuable insight into the witch trials in early modern Europe in her article 'Was Witch-Hunting Woman-Hunting?'. Larner writes that witchcraft was not sex-specific, although it was sex-related (Larner, 2002). It cannot be denied that gender plays a tremendous role in the witch hunts in early modern Europe, with females accounting for an estimated 80 percent of those accused (Larner, 2002). However, it would be negligent to pay no heed to the remaining 20 percent, representing alleged male witches (Larner, 2002). The legal definition of a witch in this time, encompassed both females and males (Levack, 1987). This essay will explore the various fundamental reasons for this gender discrepancy and highlight particular cases of witchcraft allegations against both women and men. These reasons arise from several fundamental pieces of literature that depict the stereotypical witch as female. These works are misogynistic and display women as morally inferior to men and highly vulnerable to temptations from demons (Levack, 1987). This idea is blatantly outlined in the text of the 'Malleus Maleficarum' written by James Sprenger and Henry Kramer in the late fifteenth century. This book is used as the basis for many of the witch trials in early modern Europe (Levack, 1987). The text describes women as sexually submissive creatures and while remarking that all witchcraft is derived from intense sexual lust, a women is thus a prime candidate for witchcraft (Sprenger & Kramer, 1487). In this time period, men are seen as powerful and in control and thus rarely...
In the early winter months of 1692, in colonial Massachusetts, two young girls began exhibiting strange symptoms that were described to be "beyond the power of Epileptic Fits or natural disease to effect (examiner.com)." Doctors looked them over, but could not come up with any sort of logical explanation for their ailments. Therefore, the girls were accused of taking part in witchcraft. Soon, other young women in the village started showing similar symptoms. This "illness" of sort slowly made its way through the village to many of the residents. Soon, people started coming up with possible theories as to what started all the madness.
The Witch of Wapping was a notorious case in its time. Similar to many trials of witches in the 1600’s, this one has an underlying belief that it was based on revenge and cynicism rather than on a firm belief that the accused was actually practicing some form of witchcraft. Joan Peterson lived in East London and was tried and convicted of witchcraft in 1652, she was sentenced to be hanged in Tyburn that same year. Though it seems to be a straightforward case of witchcraft, suspicion looms around the details and the motives the accusers had when seeing to her imprisonment and eventual death. Though this case has not been extensively researched the pamphlet published shortly after the death of Peterson can shed light on the views of witches
During the early winter of 1692 two young girls became inexplicably ill and started having fits of convulsion, screaming, and hallucinations. Unable to find any medical reason for their condition the village doctor declared that there must be supernatural forces of witchcraft at work. This began an outbreak of hysteria that would result in the arrest of over one hundred-fifty people and execution of twenty women and men. The madness continued for over four months.
Witchcraft was relentlessly thought as the work of the devil with only sinful and immoral intentions. Julio Caro Baroja explains in his book on Basque witchcraft that women who were out casted from society and unable to fulfill their womanly duties became witches as a way to compensate for her failed life. They were thought to be a threat to society as they dwindled in evil magic. This misunderstanding may have originated from the literary works of Heinrich Kramer and James Sprenger, in their published book, “Malleus Maleficarum”. Accusations of being adulterous, liars and dealing with the devil materialized because of the...
In the winter of 1692 Betty Parris and her cousin Abigail Williams began to have fits. Minister John Hale described the fits saying that they were stronger than an epileptic fit and did not know of an illness that could cause such behavior. The girls would scream, make strange noises and throw things around among other peculiarities. They complained of being pricked with pins, as if they were being controlled by some type of voodoo. All of these signs automatically set off a scare among the inhabitants of Salem, a witchcraft scare. Dr. William Griggs could not find any physical evidence of a sickness furthering the suspicion of an evil presence in the young girls. Other young women in the village began to show similar behaviors leading to the decision that something paranormal was taking place. The first three people that were arrested were Sarah Osborne, Sarah Good and a slave woman named Tituba who confessed; they were accused by Ann. It was like the Hatfield and McCoy feud of their time; citizens would engage in arguments and even physical violence based on their opinions r...
...em Witchcraft Hysteria is that the women were trying to stand out and tried to prove social equality because of social and attention seeking. So basically, they wanted to be noticed. I feel the search for power is a common aspect of the human nature because everyone wants more than others and that is what brings dissatisfaction of what we have. Also, coming from my cultures point of view which is highly and greatly superstitious a culture, we know that every evil has consequences so therefore, I take it to be that the girls knew that witches would face several consequences. Moving further, the counter point in Laurie Winn Carlson's article has no substantial evidence to support her theory. Furthermore, they wanted to seek the power and respect they never had the opportunity of having and wanted to benefit from it. This argument supported by sociologist Dodd Bogart.
Witchcraft persecution peaked in intensity between 1560 and 1630 however the large scale witch hysteria began in the 14th century, at the end of the Middle Ages and were most intense during the Renaissance and continued until the 18th century, an era often referred to as the Enlightenment or Age of Reason. Representation of witches, nay, representation in general is a political issue. Without the power ot define the female voice and participate in decisions that affect women -similar to other marginalised groups in society- will be subject to the definitions and decisions of those in power. In this context, the power base lay with men. It can be said that the oppression of women may not have been deliberate, it is merely a common sense approach to the natural order of things: women have babies, women are weak, women are dispensable. However the natural order of things, the social constructs reflect the enduring success of patriarchal ideology. As such, ideology is a powerful source of inequality as well as a rationalisation of it. This essay will examine the nature of witchcraft and why it was threatening to Christianity.