Introduction
There are fundamental challenges related to development in every era of human history. From the historical focus on expansion of imperial power and colonial rule in order to attain supplies of raw material and cheap labour, often in the form of slavery; to the gradual emergence of social progression in the form of concepts such as social justice, democracy, and equity during the post-world-war period. Earlier developmental approaches were centered on raising living-standards by promoting increase in productivity to provide goods and services to a growing population. As Jonathan Harris pointed out, many international institutions such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the United Nations were set up to achieve this goal.5
This approach was widely accepted at the time, and is shown by W.W. Rostow in his publication on economic development, The Stages of Economic Growth in 1960, where he proposed that development occurred through stages, and developing countries are transformed through economic “take-off” to mature societies of mass consumption, like those of the western world.5,8 Over time new policies were implemented, and different approaches to development have been emphasized. In particular, a focus on basic needs in the 1970’s, such as the advocacy of universal education, nutrition, health, sanitation, and employment for the impoverished, was in contrast to structural adjustments of bureaucracies and markets in the 1980’s which urged trade liberalizations and market reforms. Supporters of basic needs policies were critical of the structural adjustment approach as they argued that gains in economic efficiency were often at the expense of further inequality and hardship for poor, developing...
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...n Natural Capital: The Ecological Economics Approach to Sustainability. Washington, D.C.: Island Press.
[4] Goodwin, N.R. (2003). “Five Kinds of Capital: Useful Concepts for Sustainable Development.” Global Development and Environment Institute: Working Paper 03-07.
[5] Harris, J.M. (2000). “Basic Principles of Sustainable Development.” Global Development and Environment Institute: Working Paper 00-04.
[6] Howarth, R.B., Norgaard, R.B. (1993). “Intergenerational Transfers and the Social Discount Rate.” Environment and Resource Economics 3 (Aug): 337-58.
[7] Nissanke, M., Thorbecke, E. (2007). “Linking Globalization to Poverty.” United Nations University – Policy Brief. (No.2, 2007)
[8] Rostow, W.W. (1960). The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto.
[9] Toman, M.A. (1992). “Difficulty in Defining Sustainability.” Resources (106): 3-6.
“I am certain that my fellow Americans expect that on my induction into the Presidency I will address them with a candor and a decision which the present situation of our people impel. This is preeminently the time to speak the truth, the whole truth, frankly and boldly.”
The use of persuasive literary devices and tactics guarantee a strong and powerful address. However, Trump’s address, could leave Americans feeling unsettled as he manipulates a traditional address. He synthesizes an addresses that will surely be remembered for its lack of sophistication, abandoned formality, and aggressive tone. The ramifications of breaking tradition results in Trump’s failure to prompt
Mandle, J. R. (2003). Globalization and the poor. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Table 7.2, p. 108
...ieve for all. Concluding his speech, the president reminds us that we are the hope; we ARE the change. Obama finishes his address thanking God and proclaiming, “may He forever bless these United States of America.” For the final push of ethos to conclude his speech.
Due to the phenomenon of globalization, a substantial part of manufacturing has been moved overseas and goods are constantly being shipped all over the world. These processes are contributing to the advancement of international trade and economic improvement of many lesser developed countries. Unfortunately, globalization has also led to a significant growth of worldwide inequality. While the Western world has largely benefited from the changes, many countries in the developing world are facing great troubles adjusting to the new reality of global interconnectedness. Economic constrictions, unemployment, the weakening of government, corruption, and military conflicts are pushing people to leave their homes and seek better lives elsewhere.
In today’s world poverty is not only viewed in terms of average income/wealth, but as the lower end of distribution regarding income, education, health accessibility, nutrition, productivity, participation in politics, etc. Thus, poverty is defined as the “economic condition in which people lack sufficient income to obtain certain minimal levels of health services, food, housing, clothing, and education generally recognized as necessary to ensure an adequate standard of living” (Funk & Wagnall 1). Adequate, however, depends on the standard of living for each country.
In a quotation by Barack Obama on November 4, 2008, he says “That is the true genius of America-that America can change. Our union can be perfected. And what we have already achieved gives us hope for what we can and must achieve tomorrow”. Obama's inauguration speech mirrors the ideas expressed by that quote. Barack Obama's message in his speech is that through hope and change, we can pull the country out of recession, out of turmoil, and out of any difficult tasks we'll have ahead of us. What we have achieved shows that we can achieve it again, and the only reason these feats were achieved was because we were one nation working together. Obama successfully incorporate rhetoric into his speech to make it emotional, believable, and logical. His speech is a great representation of a well written rhetorical essay.
The simplistic and highly misleading view that depicts the poorer world as passive victims at the mercy of the powerful West has meant that postwar paradigms or in-arguments “for how to conceptualize and overcome development challenges” (City of Johannesburg, 2006) have failed to achieve long-term development outcomes. For example, modernization theory (MT) stated that with investment and planning from the Industrial West, all states could follow a liner process of development where traditional sectors of the economy and rigid social structures would be abandoned and replaced by modern social organisation (Nabudere, 1997; Jolly et. al., 2004; MacKinnon & Cumbers, 2011). In other words, it was believed that once Rostow’s ‘take-off’ stage was
One of the most notorious thinkers in the twentieth century in regards to Economic Growth and Development was W.W. Rostow. He was an American economist and public figure in the government. Before Rostow’s theory, people attitudes toward economic development were based on the theory that modernization was portrayed by the Western world. The Western World had the wealthier and more powerful countries in that day and age. These countries and nations were able 1to advance from the initial stages of underdevelopment. Therefore, other countries should model themselves after the West World and seek to have a liberal democracy and a more modern state of capitalism.
Sustainability is an issue that everyone should be concerned about. If the planet Earth is going to exist, as we know it, everyone should wake up and do their part to help achieve a greater level of sustainability. In my English 101 class we learned about the issue of sustainability. Many different topics were discussed and researched throughout the course of the semester. Overall, I think that the sustainability project has been a learning and enlightening experience for everyone in this class. Many more things can be done next semester, since the groundwork has been laid to continue this project for time to come.
As Escobar points out in The Problematization of Poverty, one of the many changes in the post-WW2 era was the "discovery" of mass poverty throughout the world. This "discovery" had massive implications for development discourse. Prior to WW2, development discourse was limited to the colonial experience. But with the end of colonial rule lurking on the horizon, western academics began to formulate theories of economic growth and "modernization." As a result, an entire genre of academic research emerged: the development discourse. The aim of development discourse was to chart out patterns of growth (which were based on the historical successes of the West) that newly independent countries could use, primarily to escape vicious cycles of poverty, famine, etc.
The word sustainable Development beginning first with sustainable means conserving an ecological balance by avoiding depletion of natural resources and the word development a progress of quality and quantity from lower level to more advance, mature and complex of stage. If we compared these two word together sustainable development makes a complex global meaning which is ambiguity to define with easy terminology, meaning our fundamental commitment of the future balancing and avoiding and trying to eliminate the negative impact using the word sustain to compromise and meet the future generations needs and expectation depend on nature. The ambiguity definition of Sustainable Development it operationally and according to Roger approved definition by UN General Assembly 1983”Meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs’ (Brundtland Commission, 1987; cited Rogers et al, 2008: p. 48)”
McMichael, Philip, ed 2012. Development and Social Change: A Global Perspective, 5th ed. London: Sage Publications, Inc.
decrease. That means that the natural capital (oil, coal, forests, etc.) can decrease as long as the sum of physical (produced means of production; technology) and human (people’s
Harris. J.M. 2000 Basic Principles of Sustainable Development, Global and Environment Institute Working Paper 00-04, USA